MODAL SOSIAL DALAM GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN: STUDI KASUS DI KAMPUNG GAMBIRAN DAN GONDOLAYU LOR, KOTA YOGYAKARTA

PANDHU YUANJAYA, Dr. Phil. Gabriel Lele, M.Si.

2015 | Tesis | S2 Manajemen dan Kebijakan Publik

Penelitian ini membahas gerakan lingkungan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Kampung Gambiran dan masyarakat Kampung Gondolayu Lor Kota Yogyakarta. Gerakan lingkungan merupakan tindakan kolektif masyarakat untuk mengatasi degradasi lingkungan khususnya di kawasan kampung bantaran sungai. Argumen pokok dari penelitian ini adalah perbedaan capaian dari kedua gerakan lingkungan dipengaruhi oleh modal sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memahami dinamika dan capaian gerakan lingkungan di kedua kampung serta menganalisa pengaruh modal sosial dalam gerakan lingkungan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, FGD dan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gerakan lingkungan di Kampung Gambiran dapat mencapai keberhasilan, sedangkan di Kampung Gondolayu Lor mengalami kegagalan. Degradasi lingkungan yang terjadi di Kampung Gambiran mendorong masyarakat melakukan integrasi internal dan membangun jaringan di luar komunitas. Kampung Gambiran memiliki berbagai prestasi, ketersediaan fasilitas dan kegiatan lingkungan baik secara swadaya maupun kerjasama dengan berbagai pihak eksternal serta dapat memperluas gerakan lingkungan melalui Forsidas Gajah Wong dan Merti Kampung. Sedangkan di Kampung Gondolayu Lor, gerakan lingkungan terbentuk selain masalah sampah juga lebih pada pakewuh atas instruksi pemerintah. Pelaksanaan kegiatan lingkungan tanpa melalukan integrasi sosial di Kampung Gondolayu Lor berdampak pada ketidakmampuan dalam memobilisasi sumberdaya internal dan membangun jaringan eksternal. Kampung Gondolayu Lor hanya melakukan pengelolaan sampah dan tidak terintegrasi dalam komunitas Pamerti Code. Modal sosial menjadi penentu capaian gerakan lingkungan di kedua kampung, yakni 1) kepercayaan di Kampung Gambiran sangat tinggi baik secara internal maupun eksternal, sedangkan di Kampung Gondolayu Lor sangat rendah, 2) jaringan sosial di Kampung Gambiran kuat secara internal dan eksternal, sedangkan di Kampung Gondolayu Lor sangat lemah, 3) resiprositas, di Kampung Gambiran berupa perubahan kondisi, perilaku dan sosial ekonomi, sedangkan di Kampung Gondolayu Lor, masyarakat mengejar keuntungan ekonomi dari proyek, 4) konsistensi mematuhi norma dan nilai lingkungan di Kampung Gambiran menjadi pedoman dalam berperilaku, sedangkan di Kampung Gondolayu Lor tidak memiliki norma dan nilai lingkungan, 5) tindakan yang proaktif, di Kampung Gambiran partisipasi sangat tinggi diiringi inisiatif dan inovasi, baik berupa tenaga, dana, waktu, loyalitas dan lain-lain, sedangkan di Kampung Gondolayu Lor partisipasi telah jauh menurun dan tanpa inovasi. Kata Kunci: Gerakan Lingkungan dan Modal Sosial

This thesis discusses about environmental movement initiated by the people of Kampung Gambiran and Kampung Gondolayu Lor, Yogyakarta City. Environmental movement is a societal collective action to cope with environmental degradation. The main argument of this study is that different outcomes by the two environmental movements were affected by the difference in social capital. The aim of this study is to understand the dynamics and achievements of social movements in both villages, and to analyze the influence of social capital in environmental movement. This is qualitative study. The data were collected by observation, interview, FGD, and collecting related documents. The result of the study shows that the environmental movement in Kampung Gambiran was succeeded. In the other hand, the environmental movement in Kampung Gondolayu Lor was failed. Environmental degradation in Kampung Gambiran motivated the local inhabitants to do internal integration and building network outside community. Kampung Gambiran has several achievements, facilities, and activities supported by community fund and outside donors. The movement was also spread by Forsidas Gajah Wong and Merti Kampung. In Kampung Gondolayu Lor, environmental movement was caused by garbage problems and the instruction by the government. The execution of environmental activity without social integration in Kampung Gondolayu Lor resulted in inability to mobilize internal resources and building external network. Kampung Gondolayu Lor was only involved in waste management and not integrated to Pamerti Code community. The influence of Social capital in determining the outcome of environmental movement can be seen in five points: 1) there was a high level of trust both internally and externally in Kampung Gambiran, but in contrary, the level of trust in Kampung Gondolayu Lor was low; 2) there was a strong social network both internally and externally in Kampung Gambiran, but in contrary, the social network in Kampung Gondolayu Lor was weak; 3) Kampung Gambiran showed reciprocity in the form of conditional, behavioral, and socio-economical change, in other hand, Kampung Gondolayu Lor chose to pursue economical benefits from the project; 4) Kampung Gambiran obeyed environmental norm and value consistently, but Kampung Gondolayu Lor did not have the environmental norm and value; 5) there was a high participation to the movement in Kampung Gambiran followed by initiative and innovation in the form of power, money, time, loyalty, and more, but the participation in Kampung Gondolayu Lor was decreased with no innovation took place. Key Word: Environmental Movement and Social Capital

Kata Kunci : Environmental Movement and Social Capital; Gerakan Lingkungan dan Modal Sosial