Peningkatan Elektabilitas dan Popularitas Partai Ekstremis Sayap Kanan Svoboda di Ukraina

DESTANIA SAGITARISHEYLLA, Rochdi Mohan Nazala

2014 | Skripsi | Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Popularitas gerakan ekstremis sayap kanan di Eropa sedang mengalami momentum kebangkitan dalam beberapa dekade terakhir ini. Hal tersebut terbukti melalui pencapaian elektabilitas beberapa partai sayap kanan jauh dalam beberapa pemilu parlemen terakhir di seluruh benua tersebut. Platform ideologis partai sayap kanan dibangun diatas isu nasionalisme yang sarat akan perjuangan nilai tradisi dan eksklusivisme. Isu nasionalitas merupakan pendorong utama yang mampu menggerakan roda pengaruh kalangan sayap kanan radikal dan seringkali diringkas kedalam istilah ultranasionalisme. Kebangkitan sentimen ultranasionalisme di Ukraina terbilang unik, karena negara ini bukan tujuan favorit bagi kedatangan kaum migran. Ketiadaan isu imigrasi ternyata tidak menghentikan derap langkah Partai Svoboda yang sejatinya dibangun diatas platform ideologis serupa dengan partai-partai sayap kanan radikal lainnya di benua Eropa. Partai Svoboda mampu melipatgandakan elektabilitasnya sebesar empatbelas kali lipat dalam satu periode pemilu antara 2007 hingga 2012 sekaligus menjadi partai sayap kanan radikal pertama yang mampu duduk di Parlemen Ukraina sebagai entitas politik mandiri. Dengan raihan suara sebesar 10.44%, Svoboda menjadi partai kelima terbesar di Verkhovna Rada. Skripsi ini akan membahas dan menganalisa fenomena dibalik peningkatan popularitas dan elektabilitas Partai Svoboda yang terbagi kedalam skema demand dan supply. Svoboda mampu meraih simpati calon konstituennya melalui strategi populisme dengan menampung arus suara protes (protest vote) dibawah janji untuk memecah status quo.

The popularity of right-wing extremism movements in Europe has gotten a rising momentum in the last few decades. It has been proven through electability achievement of some far-right parties in some parliamentary elections throughout the continent. Right wing parties ideological platform is built upon nationalism issues which are fully loaded with struggle of tradition and exclusivity values. Issue of nationality is the main thrust which can push radical right-wing cause and often summarized into the term ultra-nationalism. The rise of ultra-nationalism sentiment in Ukraine is unique, because this country was not a favorable destination for immigrants. The absence of immigration issue apparently did not stop the march of Svoboda Party which platform was built upon the same ideology as their radical right counterparts throughout Europe. Svoboda was able to multiply their electoral gains by fourteen-fold in just one election period between 2007 and 2012, at the same time it has successfully become the first radical right wing party to ever set foot in Ukrainian Parliament as an independent political entity. With electoral gains of 10.44%, Svoboda has become the fifth largest party in Verkhovna Rada. This thesis will discuss and analyze the phenomenon behind the popularity and electability climb of Svoboda Party which is divided into the schemes of demand and supply. Svoboda was able to win the sympathy of its prospective constituents through the employment of populism strategies by accommodating protest vote in the promise to break the status quo.

Kata Kunci : Ukraina, ultranasionalisme, Partai Svoboda, protest vote, strategi populisme