STUDI PENGARUH WAKTU DISTILASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEBAGAI INSEKTISIDA ALAMI MINYAK ATSIRI ANAKAN RIMPANG DAN EMPU Curcuma mangga Val.

ANISA NUR FITRIANINGRUM, Dra. Endang Astuti, M. Si.; Dr. Respati Tri Swasono, M. Phil., Ph. D.

2014 | Skripsi | KIMIA

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pengaruh waktu distilasi pada isolasi minyak atsiri anakan rimpang (AR) dan empu Curcuma mangga Val. serta uji aktivitasnya sebagai insektisida alami. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu distilasi dan bagian bahan terhadap komposisi komponen minyak atsiri. Isolasi minyak atsiri dilakukan menggunakan distilasi uap selama 6-7 jam terhadap bagian AR dan empu Curcuma mangga Val. dengan pengambilan destilat pada waktu distilasi 2 jam dan kelipatannya. Minyak atsiri dianalisis kandungan senyawanya menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) dan selanjutnya diuji aktivitasnya sebagai insektisida alami terhadap lalat buah (Bactrocera carambolae). Berdasarkan penelitian didapatkan minyak atsiri berwarna kuning jernih dan berbau khas buah mangga dari AR I dengan rendemen 0,40% (v/b), AR II dengan rendemen 0,92% (v/b) dan empu dengan rendemen 0,31% (v/b). Komponen Beta-pinena dan Beta-mirsena teridentifikasi sebagai komponen mayor minyak atsiri AR setiap waktu distilasi, sedangkan minyak atsiri empu waktu distilasi 2 jam teridentifikasi mengandung komponen mayor berupa Beta-pinena, Beta-mirsena, dan 1,8-sineol serta pada waktu distilasi 4 jam teridentifikasi mengandung Alfa-pinena, Beta-pinena, 1,8-sineol, dan perilena. Bertambahnya waktu distilasi menyebabkan turunnya kandungan monoterpena, namun komponen seskuiterpena dan terpena teroksigenasi mengalami kenaikan. Komponen monoterpena didapatkan lebih banyak dalam minyak atsiri AR, sedangkan kandungan seskuiterpena terkandung lebih banyak pada minyak atsiri empu. Berdasarkan hasil uji aktivitas insektisida, minyak atsiri AR II memiliki % kematian terkoreksi tertinggi sebesar 37,49% pada konsentrasi 2,50% (v/v). Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa minyak atsiri Curcuma mangga Val. aktif sebagai insektisida.

Research on effect of distillation time on isolation of essential oil from finger and mother rhizomes Curcuma mangga Val. and activity test as natural insecticide has been conducted. This research was performed to determine the effect of distillation time and part of plant on chemical composition of the essential oil. The essential oil from finger and mother rhizomes was isolated by steam distillation for 6-7 hours then the distillate was taken for every 2 hours and its multiples. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal activity of essential oil was evaluated against fruit flies (Bactrocera carambolae). The results show that the essential oil of Curcuma mangga Val. has a clear yellow colour and typical aroma like mango. The yields of the essential oil from finger rhizomes I, finger rhizomes II, and mother rhizomes are 0.40%; 0.92%; and 0.31% (v/w), respectively. The essential oils of finger rhizomes I and II from each time of distillation contain a major compunds such as Beta-pinene and Beta-myrcene. Meanwhile, the essential oil of mother rhizomes from 2 hours of distillation contains a major compounds such as Beta-pinene, Beta-myrcene, and 1,8-cineol. Furthermore, the essential oil of mother rhizomes from 4 hours of distillation contains a major compounds such as Alpha-pinene, Beta-pinene, 1,8-cineol, and perillene. Based on the results, the increase of distillation time causes the decrease of monoterpene contents but increase the sesquiterpene and oxygenated terpene contents. Finger rhizomes is rich in monoterpenes while mother rhizomes is rich in sesquiterpenes. Insecticidal activity test reveals that the highest % corrected mortality is 37.49% at concentration of the essential oil from finger rhizomes II of 2.50% (v/v). The result indicates that the essential oil of Curcuma mangga Val. has an insecticidal activity against fruit flies.

Kata Kunci : Curcuma mangga Val., Minyak Atsiri, Distilasi Uap, Insektisida Alami, Bactrocera carambolae