DEFORESTASI, KELAYAKAN USAHATANI DAN PARTISIPASI PETANI DALAM KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN KAWASAN HUTAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA

Abdi, SP.,MP., Prof.Dr.Ir. Masyhuri, Dr.Ir. Slamet Hortono, M.Sc.

2014 | Disertasi | S3 Ekonomi Pertanian

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) tingkat pendapatan dan kelayakan usahatani di luar dan dalam kawasan hutan; (2) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi deforestasi dan konversi kawasan hutan menjadi lahan usahatani; (3) perbedaan pendapatan rumah tangga antara petani yang menggarap dan tidak menggarap lahan usahatani dalam kawasan hutan; (4) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi dan tingkat partisipasi petani dalam konservasi lingkungan; dan (5) perbedaan pendapatan rumah tangga antara petani yang berpartisipasi dan tidak berpartisipasi dalam konservasi lingkungan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Metode snowball sampling digunakan sebagai teknik penentuan sampel petani, sehingga diperoleh total sampel sebanyak 600 petani. Pendekatan analisis yang digunakan terdiri dari (1) model fixed effects dan model random effects, serta panel unit root and cointegration test atau panel error correction model (2) multinomial logit model; (3) logit model; (4) regresi linear berganda dengan metode OLS dan FGLS; (5) independent sample t-test; (6) one-way ANOVA dengan uji LSD; dan (7) extended cost-benefit analysis (ECBA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) usahatani tanaman semusim dan tanaman tahunan tidak layak diusahakan dalam kawasan hutan; (2) peningkatan pendapatan per kapita penduduk meningkatkan deforestasi; (3) peningkatan pendapatan rumah tangga petani dapat menekan dan menghentikan konversi kawasan hutan menjadi lahan usahatani; dan (4) pendapatan usahatani, luas lahan garapan, jumlah anggota keluarga, pengetahuan fungsi hutan, property rights, persepsi dampak konservasi, dan program Gerhan merupakan faktor pendorong tingkat partisipasi petani dalam penerapan konservasi lingkungan. Pengembangan usahatani dalam kawasan hutan harus dihentikan karena meningkatkan deforestasi, degradasi, dan konversi kawasan hutan. Proses deforestasi akan mengalami ekuilibrium jangka pendek dan jangka panjang berarti proses deforestasi akan terus berlangsung bila tidak ada upaya pencegahan dan penghentiannya. Kebijakan untuk menghentikan deforestasi dan konversi kawasan hutan, antara lain: sertifikasi komoditi perkebunan, peniadaan subsidi pupuk, subsidi harga output komoditi pangan, penguatan kelembagaan HKm, dan penegakan hukum. Kebijakan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi petani dalam kegiatan konservasi, antara lain: sertifikasi komoditi perkebunan dan pembangunan dan penguatan kelembagaan HKm dan Gerhan. Kebijakan pencegahan dan/atau penghentian deforestasi, konversi kawasan hutan, serta peningkatan kegiatan konservasi harus diimplementasikan secara simultan dan disinergikan dengan program REDD+. Kata-kata kunci: deforestasi, kelayakan usahatani, konservasi lingkungan, partisipasi petani, kawasan hutan.

This research is purposed to examine: (1) income level and farming feasibility outside and inside of forest area; (2) factors that determining deforestation area and conversion of forest area into farming land; (3) difference of household income between farmers that cultivate and not cultivate in forest region; (4) factors that determining participation and farmer’s participation rate for environmental conservation; and (5) difference of household income between farmers that participate and not participate in environmental conservation. The research was taken in Southeast Sulawesi province. Snowball sampling method is selected in this research, with total sample of 600 farmers. Analysis methods used in this research are: (1) fixed effects and random effects model, also panel unit root and cointegration test or panel error correction model (2) multinomial logit model; (3) logit model; (4) multiple linear regression with OLS and FGLS methods; (5) independent sample t-test; 6) one-way ANOVA with LSD test; and (7) extended cost-benefit analysis (ECBA). The result suggested that: (1) one-season and annual crops farming are inappropriate to be implemented inside of forest area; (2) the increase of population income per capita raises deforestation; (3) the increase of farmer’s household income can depress and terminate the conversion of forest area into farming land; and (4) farming income, farming width, total family members, knowledge on forest function, property rights, perception of conservation impact, and Gerhan program are factors which driving the participation level of farmer to implement environmental conservation. Farming activity inside of forest area must be terminated because it is raise deforestation, degradation, and conversion of forest area. Deforestation process will be experiences short-term and long-term equilibriums, it means that deforestation process will continually ongoing if there is no prevention and termination activity at all. Policies to terminate deforestation and conversion of forest area are consisted of: certification of plantation commodity; abolish fertilizer subsidy; subsidize the output price of food commodity; reinforcement of HKm institution; and law enforcement. Policies to raise farmer participation within conservation activity are consisted of: sertification of plantation commodity; also development and reinforcement of HKm and Gerhan institutions. Policies for lessening and/or terminating deforestation, conversion of forest area, and raise conservation activity must be implemented and synergized with REDD+ program. Key words: deforestation, farming feasibility, environmental conservation, farmer’s participation, forest area.

Kata Kunci : deforestasi, kelayakan usahatani, konservasi lingkungan, partisipasi petani, kawasan hutan.