STATUS ENTOMOLOGI NYAMUK Aedes aegypti DI DAERAH RAWAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE KELURAHAN BENTENGNGE KABUPATEN PINRANG SULAWESI SELATAN

Muhammad Sabir, dr. Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto. MSc, Ph.D.

2014 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis

Latar Belakang : Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue yang sampai saat ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius di Indonesia antara lain di Kelurahan Bentengnge Kabupaten Pinrang, Sulawesi Selatan. Penularan penyakit DBD oleh vektor (Aedes aegypti) dapat terjadi secara horizontal dan vertikal (transovarial). Kelurahan Bentengnge merupakan daerah rawan DBD yang sebagian besar penduduknya memiliki rumah tipe panggung dilengkapi bak air di dekat tangga untuk membasuh kaki. Kelurahan ini terdiri dua lingkungan, yaitu lingkungan Sekkang dan lingkungan Rubae. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan status entomologis di Lingkungan Sekkang dan Lingkungan Rubae Kelurahan Bentengnge, antara lain : status kepadatan populasi vektor, status kerentanan vektor terhadap larvisida temefos, dan status transmisi transovarial virus dengue pada vektor. Metode: Survey larva dengan metode single larva methode dilakukan untuk mengukur kepadatan populasi vektor yang berupa House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), Breteau Index (BI). Uji biokemis dilakukan dengan ulangan empat kali pada larva Aedes aegypti instar III dengan dosis diagnostik 0,02 ppm. Uji hayati untuk membuktikan adanya mekanisme resistensi melalui aktivitas enzim esterase non spesifik terhadap substrat α naftil asetat, sedangkan uji imunohistokimia untuk mengetahui transmisi transovarial virus dengue. Hasil Penelitian: Kepadatan populasi vektor di Lingkungan Sekkang menunjukkan HI (75,76%), CI (30,40%), BI (115,15), OI (30%), sedangkan di lingkungan Rubae menunjukkan HI (59,26%), CI (25,81%), BI (88,88), Ovitrap Index (24,07). Hasil uji hayati larva yang berasal dari telur di lingkungan Sekkang pada dosis diagnostik 0,02ppm menunjukkan mortalitas sebesar 99% di dalam rumah, dan sebesar 96% di luar rumah, sedangkan di Lingkungan Rubae menunjukkan mortalitas sebesar 100% di dalam rumah dan 98% di luar rumah. Hasil uji biokemis menunjukkan status rentan 40%, toleran 8,33%, resisten 51,67% di Lingkungan Sekkang, sedangkan di lingkungan Rubae menunjukkan status rentan (63,34%), toleran (3,33%), resisten (33,33%). Hasil imunohistokimia menunjukkan Indeks Transmisi Transovarial di lingkungan Sekkang 9,43% dan lingkungan Rubae 2,33%. Kesimpulan: Kepadatan populasi nyamuk Ae. aegypti di Lingkungan Sekkang lebih tinggi dibandingkan Lingkungan Rubae. Larva Ae. aegypti pada pemasangan ovitrap di dalam rumah masih rentan terhadap larvisida temefos baik di lingkungan Sekkang maupun lingkungan Rubae, dan menunjukkan status toleran terhadap temefos pada larva dari pemasangan ovitrap di luar rumah. Adanya transmisi transovarial virus dengue di kedua Lingkungan.

Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an important health problem in Indonesia including Bentengnge Village, Pinrang District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Dengue viruses survive in nature by two mechanisms; by horizontal transmission and vertical (transovarial) transmission in the mosquitoes. The Village of Bentengnge is prone to DHF, and the majority of residents in the village have houses on stilts that is equipped water container near the stairs for washing their feet. The village consists of two environments, namely Sekkang and Rubae environment. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the status of entomology indicators in the Sekkang and Rubae Environment such as: the status of vector population density, vector susceptibility to temefos larvicidal and transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the vector. Method: The single larvae method is performed to measure the density of the vector population such as: House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), Breteau Index (BI). Bioassay for larvicidal temefos at four replicate experiments were conducted on the third instar of Aedes aegypti larvae generated from ovitrap at the diagnostic dose 0.02 ppm. Biochemistry test was done to prove the existence of a mechanism of resistance through non-specific esterase activity against substrat α naphthyl acetate, whereas immunohistochemistry test was done to determine the transovarial transmission of dengue virus. Result: Vector population density in the Sekkang Environment showed HI (75,76%), CI (30,40%), BI (115,15), Ovitrap Index (30%), whereas in the Rubae Environment showed HI (59,26%), CI (25,81%), BI (88,88), OI (24,07%%). Mean mortality of larvae originating from eggs in the Sekkang environment after exposed with temephos at diagnostic dose of 0.02 ppm for 24 hours were 99% indoor and 96% outdoor respectively, whereas in the Rubae Environment showed a mortality of 100% indoor and 98% outdoor. Biochemistry test results showed 40% susceptible, 8.33% tolerant, 51.67% resistant in the Sekkang Environment, whereas in the Rubae environment showed 63.34% susceptible, 3.33% tolerant, and 33.33% resistant to organophosphate insecticide. The results of Immunohistochemistry showed transovarial transmission index of 9.43% in Sekang and 2.33% in Rubae environment. Conclusion: Population density of Aedes aegypti in the Sekkang Environment higher than Rubae Environment. Larvae of Aedes aegypti generated from Sekkang and Rubae environment were tolerant and susceptible to temephos respectively, and the resistancy mechanism through non-specific esterase activity to α naphthyl acetate of larvae from Sekkang are higher than Rubbae environment. The existence of transovarial transmission was foun in the two environment.

Kata Kunci : Ae. aegypti, status entomologi, organofosfat, indeks transmisi transovarial