ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS ANGGARAN KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA PASCA REFORMASI TAHUN 1998-2013)

Sudarto, Dr. Zainal Abidin Bagir

2014 | Tesis | S2 Agama dan Lintas Budaya

Pengelolaan keberagaman sebagai fitur permanen demokrasi dalam konteks Indonesia ditandai dengan kenyataan bahwa negara telah menempatkan agama tidak saja pada posisi terhormat tetapi juga penting. Kesediaan negara memberikan dukungan penyediaan fasilitas pembangunan keagamaan, menurut Alfred Stepan disebut sebagai “State policies of support for religion”. Pertanyaannya lebih fokus adalah bagaimanakah bentuk-bentuk akomodasi negara terhadap agama-agama dalam penganggaran kehidupan beragama di Indonesia? dan Apakah penganggaran untuk kehidupan beragama di Indonesia telah sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip toleransi kembar? Untuk menganalisis pertanyaan kunci di atas, saya menggunakan teori yang dibangun oleh Alfred Stepan tentang toleransi kembar dengan tiga karakter yakni respect all, positive accomodation and principled distance. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bentuk-bentuk akomodasi negara terhadap agama-agama dalam hal penganggaran kehidupan agama di Indonesia dan untuk mengetahui kebijakaan anggaran yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi dalam konteks di Indonesia. Studi ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan dua cara pertama bersumber dari dokumen literatur yang relevan, kedua melalui wawancara tidak terstruktur. Data tersebut adalah dokumen anggaran kehidupan beragama, hasil audit resmi dari Kementerian Keuangan, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) Republik Indonesia dan dokumen anggaran Kementerian Agama. Sedangkan wawancara dilakukan kepada pejabat pembuat anggaran. Dari kajian tersebut diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: (1) Dalam konteks Indonesia, meskipun agama dan negara dapat disebutkan sebagai model negara sekuler ramah agama, dan dalam banyak kasus menunjukkan hubungan yang saling menghormati dan kerjasama yang positif antara keduanya, namun dalam proses penganggaran kehidupan beragama tidak persis tebangun secara rasional dalam pemikiran Stepan (2) Pembangunan anggaran kehidupan beragama di Indonesia secara eksplisit menunjukkan bahwa pelayanan terhadap umat Islam menempati perioritas utama di Kementerian Agama. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kelompok Islam cenderung diperlakukan secara istimewa “Previlidged prerogatives”, sehingga negara belum mampun membangun jarak yang netral (principled distanced)teradap kelompok agama-agama lainnya. Akhirnya, penulis berharap tesis ini akan berkonstribusi bagi studi agama lebih lanjut, khususnya terkait dengan kebijakkan kehidupan beragama di Indonesia, khususnya dalam hal penganggaran kehidupan beragama dari sudut pandang dan analisis yang lebih lengkap, terutama dalam kajian kebijakan politik agama.

Managing of the diversity as a permanent feature in the context of Indonesian democracy is characterized by the fact that the state has put religion not only in a respectable place but also in an important position. The willingness of the state to support the provision of construction of religious facilities, according to Alfred Stepan is named as “State policies of support for religion”. The focus question is what are the forms of state accommodation to religion in budgeting religious life in Indonesia? And has budgeting for religious life in Indonesia been in accordance with the principles of “twin toleration?” To analyze, I apply the theory of “twin toleration”by Alfred Stepan that has three characters i.e. respect all, positive cooperation and principled distance. This study aims to determine the forms of state accommodation to religion in terms of budgeting religious life in Indonesia and to know about the policy of budget in accordance with the principles of democracy in the context of Indonesia. This study is a literature study with a qualitativeapproach. Data collection was done in two ways first derived from documents of relevant literature, second through unstructured interviews. The data is the budget documents of religious life, the results of the official audit of the Ministry of Finance, the State Audit Agency (BPK) and the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs budget documents. Meanwhile the interviews were conducted among official budget makers. The finding of this research shows that (1) In the context of Indonesia, although religion and the state can be described as a model of a secular state of friendly to religious, and in many cases show a relationship of mutual respect and positive cooperation between the two, but in the process of budget development of religious life is not exactly as similar as with the rationally in Stepan theory (2) development of the budget of religious life in Indonesia explicitly indicates that the service to the Muslims occupies priority position through the Ministry of Religious Affairs as the main direction of development. This shows that the Islamic groups tend to be treated in a special way or “privileged prerogatives”, so that the state has not been able to build a principled distanced against other religious groups. Managing of the diversity as a permanent feature in the context of Indonesian democracy is characterized by the fact that the state has put religion not only in a respectable place but also in an important position. The willingness of the state to support the provision of construction of religious facilities, according to Alfred Stepan is named as “State policies of support for religion”. The focus question is what are the forms of state accommodation to religion in budgeting religious life in Indonesia? And has budgeting for religious life in Indonesia been in accordance with the principles of “twin toleration?” To analyze, I apply the theory of “twin toleration”by Alfred Stepan that has three characters i.e. respect all, positive cooperation and principled distance. This study aims to determine the forms of state accommodation to religion in terms of budgeting religious life in Indonesia and to know about the policy of budget in accordance with the principles of democracy in the context of Indonesia. This study is a literature study with a qualitativeapproach. Data collection was done in two ways first derived from documents of relevant literature, second through unstructured interviews. The data is the budget documents of religious life, the results of the official audit of the Ministry of Finance, the State Audit Agency (BPK) and the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs budget documents. Meanwhile the interviews were conducted among official budget makers. The finding of this research shows that (1) In the context of Indonesia, although religion and the state can be described as a model of a secular state of friendly to religious, and in many cases show a relationship of mutual respect and positive cooperation between the two, but in the process of budget development of religious life is not exactly as similar as with the rationally in Stepan theory (2) development of the budget of religious life in Indonesia explicitly indicates that the service to the Muslims occupies priority position through the Ministry of Religious Affairs as the main direction of development. This shows that the Islamic groups tend to be treated in a special way or “privileged prerogatives”, so that the state has not been able to build a principled distanced against other religious groups.

Kata Kunci : Demokrasi, pluralisme, anggaran, akomodasi