ATRIBUT DAN DISAIN PEMBELAJARAN PERILAKU PROFESIONAL (PP) DALAM PENDIDIKAN DOKTER DI INDONESIA

WIWIK KUSUMAWATI, Prof. Dr. dr. Soenarto Sastrowijoto, Sp.THT (K).

2014 | Disertasi | S3 Kedokteran Umum

Pendahuluan: Permasalahan perilaku profesional (PP) dalam pendidikan dokter semakin bertambah. Dampak kemajuan teknologi yang berkembang pesat juga memiliki problem etika, diantaranya cheating dan plagiarism.Dalam rangka mengantisipasi hal ini, perlu dilakukan pengembangan pembelajaran PP dalam pendidikan dokter. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi atribut dan mengembangkan disain model pembelajaran PP dalam pendidikan dokter di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Tahap I: identifikasi atribut PP, dilakukan dengan focus group discussion (FGD), wawancara dan studi pustaka. Tahap II: pengembangan disain model pembelajaran PP dengan membuat prototype berdasarkan hasil tahap I dan literature dilanjutkan dengan validasi oleh ahli. Tahap III: uji coba dan evaluasi disain model pembelajaran PP dengan studi kasus di FKIK UMY. Hasil: Diidentifikasi 34 atribut PP untuk pendidikan dokter di Indonesia, terdiri dari: 5 atribut dari 4 sumber, 10 atribut dari 3 sumber, 10 atribut dari 2 sumber, 9 atribut dari 1 sumber. Atribut religiositas dan spiritualitas merupakan atribut khas untuk konteks Indonesia. Uji coba penerapan disain model pembelajaran PP untuk atribut kejujuran, integritas, tanggung jawab, menghormati, dan altruisme yang dievaluasi dengan kuesioner integritas akademik menunjukkan: 1) pembelajaran PP dengan metode diskusi kelompok trigger film diikuti dengan self reflection dan panel ahli berpengaruh secara bermakna terhadap persepsi mahasiswa tentang level sanksi, (p = 0,0001), 2) uji coba penerapan disain dengan metode tersebut tidak berpengaruh terhadap persepsi mahasiswa bahwa pelanggaran PP merupakan hal yang salah (p = 0,05), 3) uji coba tersebut juga tidak berpengaruh terhadap prediksi ke depan mahasiswa akan melakukan pelanggaran PP (p = 0,226). Hasil analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan plagiarisme dan ketidakdisiplinan waktu merupakan masalah yang menonjol. Hasil analisis kualitatif refleksi mahasiswa menunjukkan seseorang dengan kemampuan memaknai suatu peristiwa atau memiliki learning spiritual dan learning value yang baik akan menghindari perbuatan tercela seperti cheating dan plagiarism dan akan berusaha menjadi dokter yang altruis dan profesional dalam situasi apapun. Simpulan: Diidentifikasi 34 atribut PP untuk pendidikan dokter di Indonesia. Atribut religiositas dan spiritualitas merupakan atribut khas untuk konteks Indonesia. Disain pembelajaran PP dengan paparan perilaku menggunakan media film dilanjutkan dengan self reflection dan panel ahli hanya berpengaruh terhadap persepsi tentang level sanksi pelanggaran integritas akademik, namun membantu mahasiswa memaknai suatu perilaku dan memberikan motivasi internal untuk bersikap sesuai perilaku yang diajarkan. Kata kunci: atribut, perilaku profesional (PP), disain/model pembelajaran, pendidikan dokter.

Introduction: Professional Behaviour (PB) in medical education nowadays is facing more complicated problems as an impact of the rapid development of technology. These problems also emerge in ethical aspect such as the widespreading of cheating habit and plagiarism. To anticipate this threat, the development of PB needs to be incorporated in the whole scheme of medical education. This research aims to identify the attributes and to develop a model of PB learning design to be applied in medical education in Indonesia. Method: This research adopted both qualitative and quantitative approach. At stage I, this research attempts to identify the attributes of PB through a Focused Group Discussion (FGD), interview and literature study. Stage II is focused on the development of PB learning model. This is done through the development of a prototype based on the result of stage I and literature study, followed by a validation process by a panel of experts. Stage III is focused on the testing and evaluation of PB learning model, and this involves a case study-based trial at School of Medicine and Health Sciences of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Result: As many as 34 attributes of PB are found in medical education in Indonesia, consisting of 5 attributes from 4 sources, 10 attributes from 3 sources, 10 attributes from 2 sources, 9 attributes from 1 source. Attributes of religiosity and spirituality are highly typical in Indonesian context. Evaluated using academic integrity questionnaire, the experimental implementation of PB learning model on the attributes of honesty, integrity, responsibility, respect and altruism showed that: 1) PB learning through group discussion method with a movie trigger followed by a self reflection and panel of experts was found to significantly influence the students’ perception on the level of sanction (p = 0,0001); 2) experiment on the implementation of design through the aforementioned method did not significantly influence the students’ perception, that infringement of PB remains incorrect (p = 0,05); 3) the experiment did not influence students’ fore prediction whether they would commit any infringement of PB (p = 0,226). The further analysis showed that plagiarism and indifference toward schedule are among the dominant problems. The result of qualitative analysis on students’ reflection also showed that anybody with ability to understand the significance of a certain occurence or possessing a good learning spiritual and learning value would avoid any disgraceful actions such as cheating and plagiarizing a work and he or she would attempt to become an altruistic and professional medician under any circumstance. Conclusion: As many as 34 attributes of PB are identified to present in medical education in Indonesia. Attribute of religiosity and spirituality are highly typical in Indonesian context. The learning design of PB and the behavioural exposure via movie media followed by self refection and panel of experts sessions were found to influence students’ perception toward the level of punishment given to the infringement of academic integrity, yet it helped students to signify a certain behaviour and give an internal motivation to behave as accordance. Keywords: attribute, Professional Behaviour, learning design/model, medical education

Kata Kunci : atribut, perilaku profesional (PP), disain/model pembelajaran, pendidikan dokter.