Pengaruh Lama Pengempaan dan Konsentrasi Bahan Perekat Alami Serbuk Cangkang Kepiting Terhadap Sifat Papan Partikel Mahoni

FAJAR HARI WINARTO, Agus Ngadianto, S.Hut., M.Sc.

2014 | Tugas Akhir | D3 KEHUTANAN

Kegiatan pengolahan kayu di Indonesia masih menghasilkan limbah dalam jumlah besar yang meliputi serbuk gergaji, sebetan, dan potongan kayu. Beragam jenis limbah kayu yang terdapat di Indonesia belum dapat dimanfaatkan secara maksimal, salah satunya limbah kayu mahoni dari industri penggergajian, Pembuatan papan partikel merupakan upaya untuk memanfaatkan limbah kayu menjadi produk yang memiliki nilai ekonomi lebih tinggi. Pembuatan papan partikel pada skala industri biasanya menggunakan perekat sintetis formaldehida yang beresiko buruk bagi kesehatan manusia akibat emisi yang dikeluarkannya. Pencarian bahan alternatif lain sebagai bahan perekat alami papan komposit kayu lebih terbaharukan dan ramah lingkungan menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi industri komposit kayu, seperti yang saat ini banyak dibicarakan, yaitu perekat berbasis kitosan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor lama pengempaan dan konsentrasi perekat serbuk cangkang kepiting terhadap sifat papan partikel serbuk kayu mahoni. Papan partikel mahoni dibuat dengan target kerapatan 0,9 g/cm3 dengan lama pengempaan 10 menit dan 15 menit serta konsentrasi perekat bervariasi yaitu 10%, 20%, dan 30%. Pembuatan papan partikel serbuk kayu mahoni ini mengacu pada proses standar pembuatan papan partikel. Pengujian produk meliputi sifat fisika (kadar air, kerapatan, pengembangan tebal, dan penyerapan air) dan sifat mekanika (kekuatan rekat internal, modulus patah, dan modulus elastisitas) berdasarkan standar Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS A 5908). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa papan partikel kayu mahoni terbaik diperoleh dari perlakuan waktu kempa 10 menit dengan konsentrasi perekat 30% dimana hanya kadar air dan kerapatan saja yang memenuhi standar JIS A 5908-2003 dengan nilai kadar air sebesar 8,15%, kerapatan sebesar 0,901 g/cm3, pengembangan tebal sebesar 91,011%, penyerapan air sebesar 144,026%, kekuatan rekat internal sebesar 0,946 kg/cm2, modulus patah sebesar 46,886 kg/cm2, dan modulus elastisitas sebesar 7684,249 kg/cm2.

The wood processing in Indonesia still produces waste in massive amount that includes sawing powder, slabs and wood pieces. The multiple types of wood wastes found in Indonesia have not been taken into advantages maximally of the types is the mahogany wastes resulted from the sawing industry. The production of a particle board is an effort to turn the wood waste into a product that has higher economic values. The board production in the industry scale usually implements the formaldehyde syntetic adhesive which has dangerous risk for the human health due to the produced emission. The search for the other alternative material as the natural adhesive material for the wood composite adhesive that is more renewable and eco-friendly becomes a specific challenge for the industry of wood composite; in relation to this matter, as having been massively discussed, the alternative material is the chitosan-based adhesive. The researcher aimed to find the influence of pressing duration and the concentration of crab-shell adhesive material toward the characteristics of particle board in the mahogany powder. The mahogany particle board was made with the 0,9 g/cm3 density target and 10 minutes and 15 minutes pressing duration; then, the adhesive concentration was various, starting from 10%, 20% and 30%. The production of particle board from the mahogany powder referred to the standard process of particle board production. The product testing included the physical characteristics (water content, density, thickness growth and water absorption) and the mechanical characteristics (internal adhesive force, breakage modulus and elasticity modulus) based on the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS A 5908). The results of the research showed that the best mahogany particle board was attained from the 10 minutes pressing duration with 30% adhesive concentration in which it was the water content and the density that fulfilled the standards of JIS A 5908-2003 and the water content was 8,15%, density was 0,901 g/cm3, growth value was 91,011%, water absorption was 144,026%, the internal bonding was 0,946 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture was 46,886 kg/cm2 and the modulus of elasticity was 7684,249 kg/cm2.

Kata Kunci : Serbuk cangkang kepiting, kitosan, Papan partikel, Mahoni, Konsentrasi perekat