Faktor-faktor risiko kejadian pneumonia pada anak balita di kota Banjarmasin

YULIANTI, Isda, Prof.dr. Djauhar Ismail, MPH.,PhD.,SpAK

2001 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar belakang. Kejadian pneumonia pada anak balita di Kota Banjarmasin cukup tinggi. Tahun 1999, insidensi pneumonia sebesar 10 per lo00 anak balita. Angka kematian (CFR) pneumonia di rumah sakit di Kota Banjarmasin sebesar 33,396. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan faktor risiko pneumonia pi& anak balita adalah umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan ayah, pendidikan ibu, penghasilan keluarga, proses persalinan, status gizi, pemberian AS1 eksklusif dan pemberian makanan pendamping AS1 terlalu dini, jumlah penghuni kamar melebihi 2 orang, penggunaan obat nyamuk bakar, cerobong asap, kebiasaan ayah merokok dan adanya perokok selain ayah. Cara penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kasus-kontrol, kasus adalah anak balita yang didianosis pneumonia di Puskemas Pelambuan, Kuin Raya dan Banjarmasin Indah selama bulan Oktober sampai Desember 2000. Kontrol disetarakan dengan kasus dalam ha1 umur dan jenis kelamin. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 kelompok kontrol, yaitu anak balita sehat tetangga kasus dan anak balita pasien puskesmas yang sama dengan kasus tetapi bukan penderita ISPA. Subjek terdiri dari 85 kasus dan 170 kontrol. Faktor risiko yang diteliti adalah berat badan lahir, pemberian AS1 eksklusif, status gizi, status imunisasi, suplementasi vitamin A, ventilasi rumah, kelembaban, kepadatan hunian, kebiasaan merokok, jenis bahan bakar, lokasi dapur, lubang asap, penggunaan obat nyamuk bakar, penghasilan orang tua dan pendidikan ibu. Data diolah menggunakan program EpiInfo 2000 dan SfSS v. 10. Data dianalisis secara univariat, stratifikasi dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan gambaran, dari 15 faktor risiko yang diduga berperan terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada anak balita, hanya 5 faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian pneumonia yaitu AS1 eksklusif (OR=2,20; 1,06<0R<4,56), status gizi (OR=3,80; 2,03

Background: The incidence rate of pneumonia under-five children in Banjarmasin is still high. In 1999, pneumonia incidence rate was 10 out of 1OOO children. Case fatality rate among pneumonia cases in hospitals in Banjarmasin reached 33.3%. Studies have identified risk factors of pneumonia among underfive children which were as follows: age, sex, father’s education, mother’s education, family income, delivery process, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding and early food baby’s supplement, more than two occupants per room, regular mosquito coil use, smoke hole, father’s smoking habit, and other family member smokers. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in which under-five children with pneumonia were identified from among children attending out-patients in Pelambuan, Kuin Raya, and Banjarmasin Indah Community Health Centers from October to December 2000. Control was matched according to age and sex of the case. Two control were selected fot each cw, i.e. healthy neighboring child of cases and children attending the out-patients of the same Community Health Centres diagnosed other than acute respiratory tract infection. There were 85 cases and 170 controls. Risk factors studied were as follows: birth weight, exclusive breast-feeding, nutritional status, immunization status, vitamin A supplement, ventilation, humidity, occupant density, smoking habit, use of firewood, kitchen location, smoke hole, regular mosquito coil use, parent income, and mother’s education. Data were processed using EpiInfo 2000 and SPSS v. 10. Univariate, stratified as well 8s multivariate data analysis were applied. ReaslQ: The results of this study showed that out of 15 risk factors considered to play a role in pneumonia cases among children, there were only 5 risk factors affected pneumonia cases, namely: exclusive breast-feeding (OR= 2.20; I .M

Kata Kunci : Pneumonia Balita, Epidemiologi, Banjarmasin, pneumonia risk factor, under-five children.