REKAYASA SISTEM PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI PERKEBUNAN UNGGULAN BERBASIS KESESUAIAN LAHAN

DHIAN HERDHIANSYAH, Prof. Dr. Ir. Lilik Sutiarso, M.Eng

2014 | Disertasi | S3 Mekanisasi/Teknik Pertanian

Permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam pengembangan komoditas perkebunan adalah (1) belum adanya skala prioritas pengembangan komoditas perkebunan, (2) masih kurangnya pemanfaatan lahan berdasarkan kesesuaian lahan, dan (3) kurang komprehensifnya kebijakan agroindustri komoditas perkebunan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah rekayasa sistem pengembangan agroindustri perkebunan unggulan berbasis kesesuaian lahan. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan kuesioner. Penentuan para ahli, pengusaha, dan petani komoditas perkebunan dengan teknik sampling purposive. Tahapan penelitian ini antara lain: (1) penetapan komoditas perkebunan unggulan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Delphi, (2) penentuan kesesuaian lahan komoditas perkebunan unggulan menggunakan metode kesenjangan (gap), (3) penyusunan skenario strategi pengembangan agroindustri perkebunan unggulan berbasis kesesuaian lahan menggunakan metode pendekatan sistem, dan (4) perumusan strategi pengembangan agroindustri perkebunan unggulan berbasis kesesuaian lahan dilakukan menggunakan metode SWOT. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Kolaka Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan kriteria komoditas perkebunan unggulan menunjukkan dari tujuh belas komoditas perkebunan terdapat enam komoditas unggulan yaitu kakao, cengkeh, lada, jambu mete, kelapa, dan kopi. Analisis kesesuaian lahan komoditas perkebunan unggulan pada kategori “sesuai” (S) seluas 112.596,91 ha untuk komoditas perkebunan unggulan yaitu kakao, cengkeh, lada, jambu mete, kelapa, dan kopi. Potensi pengembangan komoditas perkebunan unggulan seluas 62.708,50 ha. Skenario strategi pengembangan agroindustri perkebunan unggulan berbasis kesesuaian lahan yang memberikan pengaruh yang sensitif adalah perluasan areal lahan sebesar 1%, pembatasan alih fungsi lahan sebesar 0,5%, peningkatkan produktifitas rata-rata menjadi 1,21 ton/ha, dan peremajaan tanaman tua sebesar 5%. Hasil skenario ini menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan meliputi (a) luas areal komoditas kakao sebesar 12,06%, (b) produksi komoditas kakao sebesar 75.001,3 ton, (c) unit industri pengolahan bubuk cokelat berskala kecil dan menengah dengan kapasitas 2 ton sebesar 135 unit, dan (d) keuntungan unit industri pengolahan bubuk cokelat menjadi sebesar Rp1.337.412.140,00. Strategi pengembangan agroindustri perkebunan unggulan berbasis kesesuaian lahan berada pada kuadran I (strategi agresif) yaitu: (a) peningkatan kinerja penyuluh melalui pendampingan dan bimbingan teknis terhadap para petani dalam pengembangan usahanya; (b) motivasi yang kuat, ketersedian lahan, dan diversitas usaha yang bisa dilakukan, akses kredit, dan ketersediaan teknologi pengolahan hasil hendaknya menjadi modal dasar untuk memperluas pemasaran hasil komoditas perkebunan sampai ke luar kabupaten dan memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen sesuai seleranya; (c) pengembangan kemitraan pada kegiatan agroindustri dalam upaya menambah nilai tambah produksi; (d) pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam upaya pengembangan agroindustri dengan memanfaatkan pinjaman lunak; dan (e) pengembangan potensi wilayah untuk mendukung agroindustri perkebunan unggulan.

Problems encountered in developing plantation commodities include (1) the absence of priority scale of plantation commodity development, (2) lack of land use based on land suitability, and (3) incomprehensible agroindustry policies of plantation commodities. The objective of this research is to create system engineering for land suitability-based competitive plantation agroindustry development. Data used in this research included primary data and secondary data. The primary data were obtained through observation, interview and questionnaire. Experts, entrepreneurs and farmers of plantation commodities were determined using purposive sampling technique. The stages of research were as follows: (1) competitive plantation commodities were determined by using Delphi, (2) land suitability of competitive plantation commodities were determined by using gap method, (3) scenario of land suitability-based competitive agroindustry development strategy was made by using system approach method, and (4) suitability-based competitive agroindustry development strategy was formulated by using SWOT method. The location of research was in Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The research results based on the criteria of competitive plantation commodities indicated that from seventeen plantation commodities, there were six competitive commodities, namely cocoa, clove, pepper, cashew nuts, coconut and coffee. The analysis of land suitability of competitive plantation commodities indicated that 112,596.91 ha belonged to the category of “suitable” (S) for competitive plantation commodities, namely cocoa, clove, pepper, cashew nuts, coconut and coffee. The potential for developing competitive plantation commodities covered the area of 62,708.50 ha. Currently, cocoa commodity covers an area of 92,442.24 ha and produces 30,921 tons. The scenarios of land suitability-based competitive agroindustry development strategy which give significant influence are expanding the size of land for 1%, restricting transfer function of land for 0.5%, increasing average productivity to 1.21tons/ha, and rejuvenating old plants to 5%. The results of the scenarios indicated improvement, including (a) the size of cocoa commodity area of 12.06%, (b) production cocoa commodity of 75,001.3 tons, (c) 135 units of small and medium scale cocoa powder processing industry with 2 ton capacity, and (d) the profit of cocoa powder processing industry reaching Rp1,337,412,140.00. The strategy of suitability-based competitive agroindustry development is in quadrant I (aggressive strategy), namely: (a) improvement of the agricultural extension agents through guidance and technical guidance to farmers in developing their business; (b) strong motivation, availability of land, possible business diversity, credit access, and availability of product processing technology should serve as the basic capital for expanding market access until outer regency and meeting the need of consumers based on their preference; (c) the development of agroindustry partnership activities in order to increase the value-added production; (d) empowerment of communities in developing agroindustry by utilizing soft loans; and (e) development of potential of the region to support the competitive plantation agroindustry.

Kata Kunci : Rekayasa Sistem, Agroindustri, Perkebunan, Kesesuaian Lahan