KAJIAN SOLARISASI TANAH UNTUK PENGENDALIAN GULMA PRA-TANAM PADA TANAMAN CABAI (Capsicum annuum L.)

Paiman, Prof. Dr. Ir. Prapto Yudono, M. Sc.

2014 | Disertasi | S3 Agronomi

Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang dibutuhkan masyarakat Indonesia dalam jumlah banyak dan memiliki nilai ekonomi penting. Permintaan cabai merah dari tahun ke tahun selalu meningkat. Salah satu usaha untuk meningkatkan produksi cabai melalui pengendalian gulma terpadu.Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian “Kajian Solarisasi Tanah untuk Pengendalian Gulma Pra-tanam pada Tanaman Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.)” dilaksanakan dalam empat tahap penelitian. Keempat tahap penelitian dilakukan di lahan sawah jenis tanah Inceptisol lokasi di KP4 desa Kalitirto, Berbah, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Pelaksanaan penelitian berlangsung pada bulan Februari 2012 s/d Nopember 2013. Penelitian pertama bertujuan untuk mengetahui letak sebaran propagul jenis gulma pada berbagai jeluk tanah. Penelitian pertama menggunakan metode percobaan lapangan dengan memilih lahan yang ditumbuhi gulma yang penyebaran nya merata. Penelitian pertama disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL) dengan 3 blok. Lahan dibagi menjadi tiga blok, masing-masing blok diambil tiga sampel profil tanah dengan metode kuadrat. Setiap profil tanah diambil sampel tanah dari jeluk tanah 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25 dan 25-30 cm. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah individu gulma asal berbagai jeluk tanah. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam pada jenjang nyata 5%. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan jumlah propagul antar jeluk tanah dilakukan uji jarak berganda Duncan (UJBD) pada jenjang nyata 5%. Keragaman komunitas gulma antar dua komunitas ditentukan berdasarkan koefisien komunitas gulma. Hasil penelitian pertama yaitu propagul gulma sebesar 60,4% terletak pada jeluk tanah 0-10 cm dan sisanya 39,6% terletak pada jeluk tanah 10-30 cm. Penelitian kedua bertujuan untuk mengetahui warna lembaran plastik dan lama solarisasi tanah yang efektif untuk mematikan propagul gulma pada berbagai jeluk tanah. Penelitian kedua menggunakan percobaan faktorial 3 x 3 yang disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL) dengan 3 blok. Faktor pertama warna lembaran plastik yaitu: hitam, merah dan transparan. Faktor kedua lama solarisasi tanah yaitu 10, 20 dan 30 hari. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap intensitas cahaya matahari, sifat optik plastik, suhu dan lengas tanah, bobot kering gulma total dan jumlah propagul gulma asal berbagai jeluk tanah, bobot kering gulma total dan jumlah individu gulma pada permukaan tanah setelah pembukaan lembaran plastik transparan dan pengolahan tanah. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam pada jenjang nyata 5%. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan dilakukan uji jarak berganda Duncan (UJBD) pada jenjang nyata 5%. Keragaman komunitas gulma antar dua komunitas ditentukan berdasarkan koefisien komunitas gulma. Hasil penelitian kedua yaitu lembaran plastik warna transparan dan lama solarisasi tanah 30 hari paling efektif mematikan propagul gulma pada jeluk tanah 0-6 cm, tetapi tidak mematikan umbi Cyperus rotundus pada jeluk tanah yang lebih dalam. Penelitian ketiga bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas lama solarisasi tanah secara pra-tanam dan jarak tanam untuk menekan gulma dan meningkatkan hasil cabai. Penelitian ini menggunakan percobaan faktorial 5 x 3 disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL). Faktor pertama pengendalian gulma yaitu: bergulma, bebas gulma, mulsa plastik perak hitam, solarisasi sebelum OTS, dan solarisasi setelah OTS. Faktor kedua jarak tanam yaitu 50 x 30, 50 x 50 dan 50 x 70 cm. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sifat kimia dan fisika tanah, gulma sebelum OTS dan setelah tanam dan sekapan cahaya matahari. Pertumbuhan tanaman meliputi presentase tanaman mati, tinggi tanaman, panjang akar, LAI, bobot kering tanaman, kandungan N dan klorofil daun. Komponen hasil meliputi jumlah buah per tanaman, panjang buah, diameter buah, bobot per buah, bobot buah per tanaman, bobot buah per hektar dan indeks panen. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam pada jenjang nyata 5%. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan dilakukan uji jarak berganda Duncan (UJBD) pada jenjang nyata 5%. Keragaman komunitas gulma antar dua komunitas ditentukan berdasarkan koefisien komunitas gulma. Hasil penelitian ketiga yaitu solarisasi tanah dengan lembaran plastik warna transparan dan jarak tanam 50 x 50 cm dapat menekan gulma dan menyebabkan pertumbuhan awal tanaman lebih baik. Pada pertumbuhan lebih lanjut berkompetisi dengan Cyperus rotundus yang tumbuh dominan sehingga hasil cabai rendah. Penelitian keempat bertujuan untuk mengetahui cara pengendalian gulma yang efektif menekan gulma resisten setelah solarisasi tanah dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil cabai. Penelitian keempat menggunakan percobaan faktor tunggal yang disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL). Cara pengendalian gulma yaitu: bergulma, mulsa plastik perak hitam, tanpa membuka lembaran plastik transparan setelah solarisasi tanah, dan dengan membuka lembaran plastik transparan dan dilakukan satu kali penyiangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah individu gulma dan bobot kering gulma total. Pertumbuhan tanaman meliputi tinggi tanaman, panjang akar, diameter batang, LAI dan bobot kering tanaman. Komponen hasil meliputi jumlah buah per tanaman, panjang buah, diameter buah, bobot per buah, bobot buah per tanaman, bobot buah per hektar, indeks panen, dan presentase penurunan hasil akibat kehadiran gulma. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam pada jenjang nyata 5%. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan dilakukan uji jarak berganda Duncan (UJBD) pada jenjang nyata 5%. Analisis usahatani digunakan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usahatani cabai. Hasil penelitian keempat yaitu pengendalian gulma dengan mulsa plastik perak hitam merupakan metode terbaik dan menyebabkan pertumbuhan dan hasil cabai lebih tinggi, tetapi tidak beda nyata dengan tanpa membuka lembaran plastik transparan setelah solarisasi tanah. Kedua cara pengendalian layak untuk dilakukan dalam usahatani cabai.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of horticultural commodities that Indonesian people needs and have neccersary economic value. Chilli demand from year to year always increasing. One effort to increase production of chilli through integrited weed control. Therefore conducted research for “Study of Soil Solarization to Weed Control of Pre-planting in Chilli Crop (Capsicum annuum L.)” was conducted in four phases of experiments. The fourth phases of the research carried out on paddy field with soil type Inceptisollocated in the KP4 , Kalitirto, Berbah, Sleman, Special Teritory Yogyakarta. This research was carried out at February 2010 up to November 2013. The first of the research intended to know the locations of weed propagule distribution in various soil depths. The first experiment was using method of field experiment selecting land overgrown with weeds that are spreading evenly. The first of the research was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 blocks. The land is divided into three block, each block of three samples of soil profile taken by the square method. Each soil profile taken six soil depth from 0-5, 5-10, 10- 15, 15-20, 20-25 and 25-30 cm. Observations were carried out on weed individual number from various of soil depth. The data obtained were analysized with analysis of variance at 5% significant level. To know different number of weed propagul between soil depth was analized with Duncan New Multiple Range Test at 5% significant level. The diversity of weed communities between the two communities is determined based on the coefficient of weed communities. The results of the research showed that weed propagulof 60.49% lies in 0-10 cm soil depth and the remaining 39.6% lies in 10-30 cm soil depth. The second of the research intended to know the plastic sheet color and length of time soil solarization which are effective for the lethal propagul weeds on various soil depths. The second research was using factorial experiments 3 x 3 were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 blocks. The first factor is plastic sheets color i.e. black, red and transparent. The second factor was length of time solarization i.e. 10, 20 and 30 days. Observations were the sunlight intensity, optical properties of plastic, soil temperature, soil moisture, total dry weight of weeds and the number of weed propagul from various of soil depths, total dry weight of weed and total number of individuals weeds in soil surface after the opening of the transparent plastic sheets and after tillage. The data obtained were analysized with analysis of variance at 5% significant level. To know different between treatment was analized with Duncan New Multiple Range Test at 5% significant level. The diversity of weed communities between the two communities is determined based on the coefficient of weed communities. The results of the research showed that soil solarization with transparent plastic sheet for 30 days most effectively kill the weeds propagul in 0-6 cm soil depth, but can not kill the tuber of Cyperus rotundus on deeper soil depth. The third of the research intended to find out the effectiveness time of soil solarization in the pre-planting and plant spacing to suppress weed and increasing the chilli yield. The third research was using factorial experiment 5 x 3 are arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The first factor was weeds control i.e. weedly, free weeds, silver black plastic mulch, soil solarization before tillage and after tillage. The second factor was plant spacing i.e. 50 x 30, 50 x 50 and 50 x 70 cm. Observations were to the chemical and physical properties of soil, weeds before tillage and after planting and absorption sunlight. Crop growth include the percentage of dead plants, plant height, root length, dry weight of crop, LAI, N content and leaves chlorophyll. Yield component include the number of fruit per crop, fruit length, fruit diameter, weight per fruit, weight of fruit per crop, weight of fruits per hectare and harvest index. The data obtained were analysized with analysis of variance at 5% significant level. To know different between treatment was analized with Duncan New Multiple Range Test at 5% significant level. The diversity of weed communities between the two communities is determined based on the coefficient of weed communities. The results of the research showed that soil solarization with transparent plastic sheets color and plant spacing of 50 x 50 cm can suppress weeds and cause early crop growth of chili is better, but in the further growth competes with Cyperus rotundus wich growing dominant so that the growth and chilli yield were low. The fourth of the research intended to find out effective method of weed control to suppress resistant weeds after soil solarization and to increase the growth and chilli yield. The fourth research was using single factor experiments that are arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD). Method of Weed control i.e. weedly, silver black plastic mulch, without opening the transparent plastic sheets after soil solarization, opening the transparent plastic sheets after soil solarization with one-time weeding. Observations were obtined the number of individuals weeds a nd total dry weight of weeds. Crop growth include crop height, root length, fruit diameter, LAI and dry weight of crop. Yield component include the number of fruit per crop, fruit length, fruit diameter, weight per fruit, weight of fruit per crop, weight of fruits per hectare and harvest index. The data obtained were analysized with analysis of variance at 5% significant level. To know different between treatment was analized with Duncan New Multiple Range Test at 5% significant level. Farming analysis was used to know frofitability of chilli farming. The results of the research show that weeds control with silver black plastic mulch causes the higher growth and chilli yield, but not significant different with without opening transparent plastic sheet color after soil solarization. Both methods are feasible for carried out in chilli farming.

Kata Kunci : Propagul gulma, mulsa plastik, solarisasi tanah, jeluk tanah, jarak tanam, cabai