KARAKTERISASI BIOPOLIMER DAUN TANAMAN BUNGA SEPATU (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) DAN PENGGUNAANNYA SEBAGAI EDIBLE FILM DENGAN PENAMBAHAN GLISEROL SEBAGAI PLASTICIZER

FAIZAH ANDARINI, Prof. Dr. Ir. Djagal Wiseso Marseno, M.Agr.

2014 | Skripsi | TEKNOLOGI PANGAN & HASIL PERTANIAN

Daun dari tanaman bunga sepatu (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) telah diketahui memiliki kandungan biopolimer berupa polisakarida berbentuk lendir yang tinggi. Biopolimer polisakarida merupakan salah satu komponen yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan edible film. Namun, penelitian tentang edible film yang dibuat dari biopolimer daun bunga sepatu belum pernah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat kimiawi (kadar air, abu, metoksil, protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat), sifat fisik (ketebalan, kuat tarik (tensile strength), elongasi (elongation), kelarutan), dan barrier properties (water vapor transmision) edible film yang dihasilkan dari isolat biopolimer daun kembang sepatu dengan penambahan gliserol sebagai plasticizer. Biopolimer daun kembang sepatu diekstrak menggunakan air, lalu dilakukan pengendapan menggunakan etanol, pengeringan, dan penggilingan. Edible film dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi isolat biopolimer 1%, 1,25%, dan 1,5% b/v, dengan konsentrasi plasticizer gliserol tetap, yaitu 30% b/b isolat biopolimer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen isolat biopolimer daun bunga sepatu adalah sebesar 4,17% (b/b). Isolat biopolimer memiliki kadar metoksil 5,11%, kadar abu sebesar 11,70%, kadar air 9,13%, protein 18,99%, lemak 0,96%, dan karbohidrat (by difference) sebesar 58,68%. Gula reduksi tidak terdeteksi pada isolat biopolimer yang telah dihidrolisis dengan asam. Sifat fisik dan barrier properties edible film menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi isolat biopolimer akan semakin meningkatkan ketebalan, kuat tarik, dan kelarutan, namun menurunkan elongasi dan permeabilitas terhadap uap air. Pada konsentrasi tertinggi isolat biopolimer yang digunakan, yaitu 1,5% (b/v), edible film memiliki ketebalan 0,08 mm, kuat tarik sebesar 4,43 MPa, kelarutan 44,38%, elongasi sebesar 3,80%, dan permeabilitas uap air sebesar 13,13 g.mm/m2 day kPa. Kata kunci: Daun bunga sepatu, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, edible film, biopolimer, gliserol

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose) leaves have been known for its high biopolymer of polysaccharide content in a form of mucilage. Biopolymer of polysaccharide is one of the basic components in edible films making. However, the research about edible film made from the biopolymer from its leaves is never to be done. The aims of this study were to characterize biopolymer of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves for chemical properties (methoxyl group, water, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content) and to characterize edible films made from the biopolymer added with glycerol as plasticizer for physical (tensile strength, elongation, and solubility) and barrier properties (water vapor transmission rate). The biopolymer of the leaves were extracted by water, then precipitated by ethanol, dried, and crushed. Three concentrations of biopolymer (1%, 1.25%, dan 1.5% b/v) were used in edible films making, while the concentration of glycerol was the same in each formula (30% b/b biopolymer). Result showed that the yield of biopolymer extraction was 4.17% (b/b), or gave about 41.7 grams of yield per kg of fresh leaves. The biopolymer isolate contained methoxyl groups about 5.11%, 11.70% of ash, 9.13% of water, 11.89% of protein, 0.96% of fat, and 58.68% of carbohydrates (by difference). The reducing sugar was not detected in the biopolymer hydrolyzed by acid. It also showed that as the concentration of biopolymer isolate film increased; film thickness, tensile strength, and solubility were increased, while elongation percentage and water vapor permeability were decreased. In the highest concentration of biopolymer isolate used (1.5% b/v), the edible film had a thickness of 0.08 mm, a tensile strength of 4.43 MPa, a solubility of 44.38%, a percentage elongation of 3.80%, and water vapor permeability of 13.13 g.mm/m2 day kPa. Keywords: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves, edible film, biopolymer, glyserol

Kata Kunci : Daun bunga sepatu, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, edible film, biopolimer, gliserol