Kebangkitan suatu bentuk kesenian yang pernah mati Kothekan Lesung Banarata, Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah sebagai fenomena acuan

ASTONO, Sigit, Dr. Sri Hastanto, S.Kar

2001 | Tesis | S2 Pengkajian Seni Pertunjukan dan Seni Rupa

Pcnelitian tentang kebangkitan suatu bcntuk kesenian yang pcmah mati ini, diawali dengan pemaparan tentang contoh kasus beberapa bentuk kesenian yang pemah hidup tetapi akhimya mati. Melalui studi pustaka dan penelitian lapangan di ketahui beberapa bentuk kesenian yang &pat digolongkan telah mengalami kemandekan, kemunduran bahkan kematian yaitu Wayang Beber (Wonosari dan Paatan), Wayang Gedq, Wayang T;hengul Bojonegoro Jawa Timur, Wagang Thengul Blora, Wagang Kmil Bojonegoro, Wayang Golek Yogyakarta, Wayang Wang Sriwedari Sala, Wayang Wang Y o g y w , Kethek OgZeng Wonogiri, Rhtnolg Blora, Tayub Ngoreyan, Klaten, Gambang Smarang, Shalawat Jamjarung Kebumen, KGsGnian Etnis Cina, Gqog Leszuag Desa Pendowoharjo, fitkkan Leszntg Sendang Srikatm, Ngargoyoso, Karangpandan, Kdhtkan LGszatg Desa Klapa, Salatiga, Kothtkan Leslnrg Banarata, Sala, dsb. Pada umumnya penyebab kematian kesenian yang telah disebutkan di atas adalah fakfor m t m l dan faktar ckstemal. Faktor internal meliputi: Kualitas estetis; Kemampuan seniman penggarap seni pertunjukan rakyat; Ditinggalkan pendukungnya; dan Kegagalan regenerasi. Faktor ekstemal meliputi: Memudamya kekuasaan patronase (baik jaman kerajaan; penjajahan maupun republik); Larangan Politik @aik pemerintah kerajaan, penjajahan, maupun republik) dan Larangan /Pamali/Tabu Kepercayaan; Ketidakpedulian pejabat (pusat, daerah maupun lokal) dan; Pengaruh seni populer. Beberapa kesenian yang mengalami kemandekan, kemunduran dan kcmatian yang tclah discbutkan di dcpan, bcbcrapa di antaranya mampu bangkit kembali dari kematiannya. Kesenian dimaksud adalah: Wayang Ma Wonosari, Taph Ngorcyan, Klaten, G@g Leszuag Dcsa Pcndowohajo, Kuthckan LRnmg Desa Klapa, Salatiga, 2Gthekan Le.sung Sendang Sribton, Ngargoyoso, Karangpandan, Kaenian Etnis Cinu (Barongsai, Licmg, dsb.),dan Kothekan Lesung Banarata, Sala. Kesenian yang telah mati dan mampu bangkit kembali tersebut di atas karena didukung oleh unsur-unsuf: Pelaku masih hidup; Campur tangan pemerintah; Alasan politis (terlibat partai tertentu, dicabutnya larangan) dan; Mendapat dukungan masyarakat (masyarakat pendukung dari daerah setempat dan daerah di luar budayanya). Khusus yang terjadi pada kematian Kothckan Ltsung Banarata Sala disebabkan oleh peristiwa politik tahun 1965. Hampir seluruh penduduk Banarata dituduh tcrlibat Lekra, sehingga otomatis mematikan seluruh aktivitas berkesenian warga. Kebangkitan Kiddm Lesung Banarata terjadi pada tahun 1994 melalui seni pariwisata yang diperkenalkan oleh Mulyatno. Proses kebangkitan kembali Kbthekan h a g Banarata didukung oleh dua faktor yaitu internal dan ekstemal. Faktur internal meliputi: 1. Kebutuhan rohani dan cstctis, 2. Kcbanggaan kcpada idcntitas, 3. Pcncucian nama baik dan pembelaan din, dan 4. Mencari perlindungan melalui partai politik yang berkuasa. Faktm ehrernal meliputi: 1 .Peran Lembaga-Lembaga Kesenian dan Non kenian (TBS, STSI, Keraton Surakarta, h a Mangkunegaran, Diparta, dsb), 2. Peran Individu baik langsung maupun tidak langsung (Mulyatno, Suharta, Hartono, Soedarsono, Murgiyanto, Hastanto, Hadinagoro), dan 3. Peran Mass Media @aik cetak maupun elektronik). Melalui fenomena kebangkitan Kothekdn Lesung Banarata, warga Banarata kembali menemukan kebebasan berekspresi dalam berbagai bidang seperti seni, sosial, politik, budaya, dan lain-lain, yang merupakan faktor sangat penting &lam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Prospek kehidupan KbthGkan Lcsung Banarata di masa depan sangat bergantung pada niat Mulyatno sebagai motivator, inovator dan pengayom/patron. Selain itu, kondisi sosial-politikekonomi menjadi kendala lain yang akan dihadapi kelompok fithekan Lmmg Banarata di masa depan. Sepanjang kepercayaan Agarni Jawi dengan Tradisi Swan sebagai bentuk terapannya masih mampu menjaga terpeliharanya nilai gotong royong warga, maka &pat diharapkan menjadi pilar utama bagi upaya pelestarian Khhekan h a n g Banarata dimasa depan.Tidak kalah pentingnya adalah masalah regenerasi, sebab kegagalan mempersiapkan generasi baru akan berdampak pula pa& kegagalan Ecothekan Lazing Banarata dimasa depan. Dari uraian itu nampak bahwa kematian suatu bentuk kesenian diwarnai berbagai faktor penyebab. Demikian juga mengacu kepada fenomena kebangkitan Kbthekan Lesung Banarata, maka untuk membangkitkan suatu bcntuk kcscnian dibutuhkan bcbcrapa faktor pcndukung yang muncul pada saat bersamaan.

This research into the revival of a formerly extinct art form begins with an explanation with examples of several cases of art forms which used to exist but eventually died out. Through a library study and field research, several art forms were discovered, which could be categorized as experiencing a standstill, decline, or even extinction, including: Wayang BRbm (Wonosari dan Paatan), Wagang Gedog, Wayang Thengul Bojonegoro Jawa Timur, Wayang T;hengul Blora, Wayang Kiucil Bojonegoro, Gyasang Golck Yogyakarta, Wayang Wong Sriwedari Sala, Wagang Wimg Yogyakarta, mhek OgTeng Wonogiri, K;enmarg Blora, Tayub Ngoreyh, Klaten, Gambang Stmarang, ShaIawat Jamjamg Kebumen, &mian Etnis Cina, Gepg Lemng Desa Pendowoharjo, KbtWn LRnatg Sendang Srikaton, Ngargoyoso, Karangpandan, Kothekan Lesung Desa Klapa, Salatiga, Kothekan L ~ nmBg anarata, Sala, and so on. In gcncral, thc rcasons for thc cxtinction of thcsc art forms include both internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include: aesthetical qualities; the ability of artists of Frfonning folk arts; lack of support or interest among the community; and the failure of regeneration. External faktors include: the decline in the power of patrons (in the sovereign, colonial and governments) and prohibitions due to beliefs; lack of concern shown by officials (on a entral, regional and local level); and the influence of popular art forms. Some of these art forms, which have experienced a standstill, decline or extinction, have managed to revive. These art forms include: Wagang Bebcr Wonosari, Tap.& Ngoreyan, Klaten, Gqug LRnmg Desa Pendowohajo, Kothekan Lcsung Desa Klapa, Salatiga, Khhekan LGsung Snrdang Srikatm, Ngargoyoso, Karangpandan, ICRenian Ebais Cinu (Barimgsai, Liong, etc),and Kotkkzn L~~wrg Banara ta , S ala. These formerly extinct art forms have managed to revive due to the support of various elements: their paractitioners are still alive; intervention of the government; political reasons (the involvement of certain parties and the lifting of bans); and the support of the community (supporting community in the local area and the area outside the cultural area). In the case of Kothekan Lesung Banarata in Sala, its extinction was due to the political events of 1965. Almost all the atizens of Banarata were accused of being involved in Lekra, which automatically put an end to all their artistic activities. The revival of Kbthekan Lesung Banarata took place in 1994, through the art for tourists introduced by Mulyatno. Thc rcvival proccss of fithckan Ltsutrg Banarata was supported by two factors, both internal and external. Internal factors includd 1. Spiritual and aesthetical needs 2. pride in identity 3. Reestablishing a good name and self dcfcnse and 4. Seeking protection from the political party in powcr. External factors included 1. The role of art and non-art institutions (TBS, STSI, Keraton Surakarta, Pura Mangkunegaran, Diparta, etc.) 2. The direct and indirect role of individuals (Mulyatno, Suharta, Hartono, Soedarsono, Mwgiyanto, Hastanto, Hadinagoro) and 3. The role of the mass media (printed and electronic). Through this phenomenon of the revival of fithekan LRnmg Banarata, citizens of Banarata once again found freedom of expression in various fields such as art, social, political and cultural fields, which are an extremely important in life of the nation. The prospects of the existence of Kothekan Le.sung Banarata in the future are hi& dependent upon the determination of Mulyatno as a motivator, innovator and patron. In addition, sosial, political and economic faktors are another obstacle faced by Kothtkan L~slnrg Banarata groups in the future. As long as the beliefs of Agami Jawi (Javanese religion) and Suran traditions, as a form application, are still able to preserve the values of community self-help and cooperation, it is hoped that will becaome the main pillar for the preservation of Kbthekan L~nmgB anarata in the future. Of equal importance is the problem of regeneration, as a failure to prepare a new generation will also cause the failure of K d h n Lesung Banarata in the future. From this explanation, it is clear that the extinction of an art form is influenced by a number of causative factors. Likewise, by referring to the phenomenon of the revival of Kothekan Lesung Banarata, it can be seen that the revival of an art form requires several supporting factors, which appear simultaneously.

Kata Kunci : Seni Musik Tradisional, Kothekan Lesung Banarata, Kebangkitan