KINERJA DAN MULTIFUNGSIONALITAS USAHATANI PADI ORGANIK DAN KONVENSIONAL DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

Tinjung Mary Prihtanti, SP.MP., Dr. Ir. Suhatmni Hardyastuti, MSc.

2014 | Disertasi | S3 Ekonomi Pertanian

Praktek pertanian tidak hanya perlu dihargai karena perannya memproduksi pangan, namun juga perlu dipertimbangkan perannya terhadap sejumlah output sosial/budaya dan lingkungan atau dikenal sebagai multifungsionalitas pertanian (multifunctionality of agriculture). Tujuan umum penelitian adalah membandingkan kinerja usahatani, meliputi produktivitas, R/C ratio, efisiensi teknis, efisiensi alokatif, efisiensi ekonomis, efisiensi lingkungan, serta multifungsionalitas usahatani, meliputi kecukupan pangan rumah tangga, partisipasi wanita tani, tradisi usahatani, kualitas tanah, biodiversitas, penghindaran pencemaran lingkungan, antara sistem usahatani padi organik dengan sistem usahatani padi konvensional. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Pereng, Kecamatan Mojogedang, Kabupaten Karanganyar dan Desa Sukorejo, Kecamatan Sambirejo, Kabupaten Sragen. Responden terdiri dari petani padi sistem organik, tanpa menggunakan input kimia, sejumlah 37 petani, dan petani padi sistem konvensional sejumlah 80 petani. Beberapa teknik analisis digunakan antara lain stochastic frontier analysis, statistik deskriptif, dan canonical correlation. Penelitian menyimpulkan: (1) Potensi pencemaran unsur nitrogen yang dilihat dari jumlah surplus nitrogen pada budidaya padi sistem organik lebih rendah dibandingkan sistem konvensional, namun surplus nitrogen yang dihasilkan dari kedua sistem usahatani tersebut belum mempengaruhi produktivitas usahatani, (2) Kinerja usahatani, yakni produktivitas, R/C rasio, efisiensi teknis, efisiensi alokatif, efisiensi ekonomis, dan efisiensi lingkungan, sistem usahatani padi organik lebih baik dibandingkan sistem konvensional, (3) Multifungsionalitas usahatani padi sistem organik lebih baik dibandingkan sistem konvensional, dalam hal kebersamaan dan gotong-royong, kualitas tanah sawah, biodiversitas, dan rendahnya pencemaran lingkungan. Tingkat kecukupan pangan rumah tangga, partisipasi wanita tani, dan frekuensi tradisi usahatani kedua sistem usahatani tidak berbeda secara statistik, (4) Nilai ekonomi fungsi penghasil produksi pangan maupun fungsi penyerapan tenaga kerja sistem usahatani padi organik lebih tinggi dibandingkan sistem konvensional, (5) Terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara kinerja usahatani dengan multifungsioalitas usahatani,baik pada sistem usahatani padi organik maupun sistem usahatani padi konvensional.

Agricultural activity is no longer only valued for its contribution to food production, but needs to be assessed according to a much wider range of social and environmental concerns, which are known as multifunctionality of agriculture. The objective of this study was to compare farming performance, namely productivity, R/C ratio, technical efficiency, allocative efficiency, economics efficiency, environmental efficiency, and farming multifunctionality, namely food sufficiency, farmer’s cohessiveness, women participation, farming tradition, soil quality, biodiversity, pollution avoidance, between organic rice farming system and conventional systems. The study was conducted at Pereng, Mojogedang, Karanganyar District, and Sukorejo, Sambirejo, Sragen District. Respondents were classified into organic rice farmers that didn’t using any chemical inputs with 37 farmers, and conventional rice farmer, which using chemical inputs) some 80 farmers. Several methods were applied, namely SFA (stochastic frontier analysis), descriptive statistic, and canonical correlation. The result revealed that : (1) the nitrogen pollution as seen from the amount of nitrogen surplus, of organic rice farming system is lower than conventional system, but it was not affect farm productivity performance, (2) organic rice farming performance, there were productivity, R/C ratio, technical efficiency, allocative efficiency, economic efficiency, and environmental efficiency of was higher than conventional systems, (3) organic rice farming system multifunctionality, namely farmer’s cohesiveness, soil quality, biodiversity, pollution avoidance, was better than the conventional system, but household food sufficiency, women farmers participation, and frequency of farming tradition between the two farming systems were not statistically different, (4) economic value of food production function and the employment function of organic rice farming system was higher than conventional rice farming systems, (5) There was a strong relationship between farming performance and farming multifunctionality, both on organic rice farming system and conventional system.

Kata Kunci : sistem usahatani, padi, sawah, kinerja, multifungsionalitas usahatani