VARIABILITAS DAN KLASIFIKASI INTRASPESIES LIMA KULTIVAR GEMBILI (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill) BERDASARKAN SIFAT ANATOMIS
SYARAH NUR CHAFIDLOH, Dr. Maryani, M.Sc.
2014 | Skripsi | BIOLOGIGembili (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill.) merupakan salah satu tanaman lokal yang pemanfaatannya belum banyak dilakukan. Adanya variasi morfologi warna dan bentuk umbi gembili menginspirasi untuk diketahui hubungan kekerabatannya menggunakan karakter anatomis. Karakterisasi anatomi akar, batang dan daun pada lima kultivar gembili (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill.) dilakukan dengan tujuan mengetahui perbedaan struktur anatomi akar, batang dan daun serta mengetahui klasifikasi intraspesies kelima kultivar D. esculenta sehingga dapat diketahui besarnya tingkat keragaman gembili di wilayah Kabupaten Bantul. Lima kultivar umbi gembili dikoleksi dari 4 Kecamatan di Kabupaten Bantul, secara morfologi diperoleh 3 dengan warna putih kekuningan, 1 dengan warna putih susu, dan 1 dengan warna ungu. Masing-masing umbi gembili ditanam, kemudian 1-2 bulan berikutnya dikoleksi bagian organ vegetatif (akar, batang dan daun) untuk dilakukan pembuatan preparat anatomis. Untuk akar dan batang pembuatan preparat dilakukan secara semi permanen sedangkan pada daun dilakukan secara permanen dengan cara penyelubungan parafin, dan pada pengamatan stomata serta epidermis dilakukan dengan perendaman menggunakan kloralhidrat. Preparat yang sudah jadi selanjutnya diamati dibawah mikroskop, kemudian difoto dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan software Obtilab. Analisis anatomi yang dilakukan adalah pada akar meliputi diameter akar, tebal epidermis, tebal kortek, tebal stele, tebal xilem, pada batang meliputi tebal epidermis, tebal lapisan parenkim, tebal lapisan sklerenkim, jumlah lingkar berkas pengangkut, pada daun meliputi tebal epidermis, tebal mesofil, jumlah lapisan mesofil, dan diameter berkas pengangkut. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan software SPSS dengan analisis tabel ANAVA dilanjutkan uji DMRT. Untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan, data dilakukan scoring sehingga diperoleh data binair dengan kode 0 dan 1. Indeks similaritas dihitung menggunakan Simple Matching Coefficient dan dilanjutkan dengan metode clustering UPGMA (Unweighted Pair of Group Method Using Arithmetic Average) sehingga diperoleh dendogram dengan bantuan software MVSP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya variasi anatomis pada akar (diameter akar, tebal epidermis, tebal kortek, diameter stele, diameter xilem, jumlah trakea, dan diameter trakea), batang (tebal xilem, tebal floem, dan tebal sklerenkim) dan daun (tebal epidermis bawah, tebal floem, diameter trakea, tebal sarung berkaspengangkut, dan jumlah epidermis) dari kelima kultivar gembili yang selanjutnya diperoleh hasil clustering terdiri dari 3 kelompok, kelompok I terdiri dari kultivar 2 dan 4 dengan indek similaritas ± 58%. Kelompok II yang terdiri dari kultivar 3 dan 5, dengan indek similaritas sebesar ± 64%. Pada kelompok III terdiri dari kultivar 1 dengan indek similaritas ± 47%. Kisaran indek similaritas dari keanekaragam Dioscorea esculenta berdasarkan karakter anatomis berkisar antara 0,4 – 1, sehingga variabilitas genetik berdasarkan karakter anatomis tinggi.
Gembili (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill.) is one of local plant which has not been optimized by many people. The varieties of color and form of gembili tuber inspires to know the relationship between them using anatomical characters. The characterization of roots, stems, and leaves anatomy on the five gembili (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill.) cultivars were done. The aim of this research were to know the anatomical different of roots, stems, and leaves of gembili (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill.) cultivars, to know intraspecies classification of gembili cultivars based on anatomical characters, and to know the biodiversity level of gembili cultivars based on anatomical characters of D. esculenta in Bantul regency area. The five cultivars were collected from 4 sub districts in Bantul Regency. Morphologically there were 3 D. esculenta with flesh white tuber, yellowish-white, and violet tuber color. Each gembili tuber was planted, and then after 1-2 month the vegetative organs (roots, stems, and leaves) were collected for anatomical preparation. For roots and stems, anatomical slides were performed semi permanently, whereas the leaves were cut permanently with paraffin embedding and on stomata and epidermical observation was done by submerging samples in chloralhydrate. Slide were observed under microscope and analyzed using Obtilab software. Root anatomical analysis was done on roots diameter, the epidermis thickness, the cortex thickness, stele thickness, and the xylem thickness, while on the stems were the epidermic thickness, the parenchyma layer thickness, the schlerenchyma thickness, and total of bundle sheet. Leaves anatomical analysis included epidermis thickness, mesofil thickness, total of mesofil layer, and vascular bundle diameter. Quantitative data were analyzed using ANOVA continued by DMRT in SPSS software. To know the relationship between cultivars, scoring data was done, resulted binair data so which the code 0 and 1. Similarity index was accounted using Simple Matching Coefficient and be continued using clustering UPGMA (Unweighted Pair of Group Method Using Arithmetic Average) and dendogram was performed using software MVSP. The results showed there were roots anatomy variation between cultivars, included the diameter of roots, stele, xylem and vessel cells, epidermis thickness, and trachea number. In stems, variation was found in the thickness of xylem, phloem and schlerenchyma tissue. In leaves, variation was found in the thickness of lower epidermis, phloem and bundle sheets, trachea diameter, and epidermis number were observed differently between cultivars. that there were three groups, the group I consisted of cultivar 2 and 4 with similarity index ± 58%, the group II consisted of cultivar 3 and 5 with similarity index ± 64%, the group III of cultivar 1 with similarity index ± 47%. The range similarity index from the D. esculenta based on anatomical character was between 0,4 to 1, so the genetic variability based on character of anatomy was high.
Kata Kunci : D. esculenta, variabilitas, karakter anatomi, klasifikasi intraspesies.
