STRATEGI ADAPTASI MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG JOGOYUDAN YOGYAKARTA TERHADAP BENCANA BANJIR LAHAR DINGIN MERAPI 2010
MOCHAMAD AZHAR RIVANY, Prof. Ir. Achmad Djunaedi,MUP.,Ph.D.
2014 | Skripsi | PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTALingkungan permukiman kota memiliki risiko bencana. Risiko bencana adalah potensi kerugian yang ditimbulkan akibat bencana di lingkungan permukiman, baik berupa korban jiwa, hilangnya rasa aman, kerusakan di lingkungan permukiman, dan gangguan kegiatan sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Sebagai kasus, Kampung Jogoyudan merupakan satu dari banyak kampung di bantaran Sungai Code Kota Yogyakarta, yang memiliki risiko bencana tinggi (BPPTKG DIY, 2012). Pada banjir lahar dingin 2010 lalu, Kampung tersebut merupakan kawasan terparah yang terdampak banjir lahar dingin. Sekitar 150 rumah rusak berat, jembatan antar kampung hancur, dan berbagai fasilitas lingkungan lainnya seperti sumber mata air bersih dan MCK, tercemar dan rusak. Hal ini menimbulkan gangguan serius yang mengakibatkan kerugian bagi masyarakat di kampung Jogoyudan. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat kampung Jogoyudan melakukan berbagai strategi adaptasi terhadap bencana banjir lahar dingin, salah satunya dengan bekerjasama dengan pihak luar. Strategi ini merupakan strategi adaptasi yang hanya dilakukan di Kampung Jogoyudan (Fasilitator LSM Habitat for Humanity, 2013). Masyarakat Kampung Jogoyudan banyak memanfaatkan kerjasama sebagai strategi untuk melakukan kegiatan pemulihan khususnya untuk rekonstruksi rumah. Dari berbagai strategi adaptasi masyarakat Kampung Jogoyudan, tidak semua strategi adaptasi dapat dijelaskan oleh teori strategi adaptasi individu atau kelompok masyarakat terhadap tekanan lingkungan yang dikemukakan Haryadi dan Setiawan (2010) dan Berry (1980). Strategi adaptasi dengan cara bekerjasama belum dapat dijelaskan oleh teori strategi adaptasi individu atau kelompok masyarakat terhadap tekanan lingkungan. Oleh karena adanya perbedaan antara fenomena dengan teori, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki atau memodifikasi teori strategi adaptasi yang dikemukakan oleh Haryadi dan Setiawan (2010) dan Berry (1980) tersebut. Untuk itu, penelitian ini mencoba mendeskripsikan strategi adaptasi masyarakat Kampung Jogoyudan terhadap ancaman bencana banjir lahar dingin, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan strategi adaptasi tersebut. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Kemudian, terdapat 3 teknik analisis yang digunakan yakni penjodohan pola, analisis deret waktu, dan pembuatan deskripsi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan survey primer dan sekunder. Survei primer dilakukan dengan pengamatan langsung, observasi partisipatif, dan wawancara mendalam dengan teknik sampling purposive. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, strategi dengan bekerjasama pada intinya memiliki tujuan yang sama dengan strategi adaptasi yang dikemukakan oleh Haryadi dan Setiawan (2010) dan Berry (1980), yakni mengurangi atau menghilangkan tekanan lingkungan akibat bencana.Namun, stategi ini mengandalkan modal sosial yang dimiliki masyarakat untuk beradaptasi. Sehingga, modal sosial diidentifikasi sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi adanya perbedaan antara temuan lapangan dengan teori. Berdasarkan analisis lebih lanjut, terdapat pula faktor yang mempengaruhi tahapan kegiatan masyarakat dalam mengahdapi banjir lahar dingin, yakni belum adanya rencana penangulangan bencana di tingkat kampung dan faktor karakteristik bencana yang dihadapi.
Nowadays, urban settlement has an increasing disaster risk. Disaster risk is the potential losses in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or society over some specified future time period (UNISDR,2009). For example, Kampung Jogoyudan is one of many urban settlement located in flood plain area of Code River, Yogyakarta which has high disaster risk (BPPTKG DIY,2012). In the last flash flood in 2010, that settlement was the most devastated areas in Yogyakarta City. Around 150 houses were damaged, the bridge that connects two settlement was broke, and many other public facilities such as wellspring and public toilet were filthed and damaged. This situation causes a serious disruption which lead the people of Jogoyudan to suffer many losses. Because of that the people of Jogoyudan has done various adaptation strategies due to flash flood. These strategies were adaptation by reaction, by adjustment, by withdrawal, and adaptation by cooperation. The last strategy was the only strategy that implemented in Kampung Jogoyudan (NGO facilitator, Habitat for Humanity, 2013). The People of Jogoyudan rely on the cooperation as a strategy in a recovery phase especially to reconstruct their houses. There is a theory that explained adaptation strategy due to hazard which was issued by Haryadi and Setiawan (2010) and also Berry (1980). The kind of strategy were adaptation by reaction, by adjustment, and adaptation by withdrawal. This theory is called theory of individual adaptation to environmental change. Not all of the strategies done by the people of Jogoyudan can be explained by this theory. There is one strategy that can not be explained yet by this theory that is adaptation by cooperation. Due to difference between the phenomena and theory, the main purpose of this research is to modify the theory. To fulfill the purpose, this research tries to describe adaptation strategies of Jogoyudan people to encounter the hazard and to identify various factor that influence them in choosing adaptation strategy. The method used in this research was qualitative method with case study approach. Then, the analytical techniques which were used in this research were pattern matching, time series analysis, and explanation building. The data were collected by using primary and secondary survey. Primary survey was done by direct observation, participative observation, indepth interview with purposive sampling technique. Based on analytical result cooperation strategy has a common purpose with former adaptation strategy which was issued by Haryadi and Setiawan (2010) and also Berry (1980). This common purpose is to decrease environmental pressure cause by disaster. The difference is the strategy uses social capital owned by the people of Jogoyudan. So that, social capital is identified as a factor that influences the difference. Further analysis result that there are another factor which influence the order of activities done by the people of Jogoyudan to encounter the Hazard. These factors are the absent of contingency planning in settlement level and the characteristic of the hazard.
Kata Kunci : Lingkungan permukiman di bantaran sungai, banjir lahar dingin, strategi adaptasi.
