Tinjauan sosiologis tentang partisipasi masyarakat Kampung Naga Kabupaten Tasikmalaya dalam kegiatan penimbangan Balita di Posyandu

MAULANA, Heri Djamiatul, Dra. sumarni DW., M.Kes

2001 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Partisipasi dalam penimbangan balita di posyandu penting untuk diteliti, karena memiliki dampak cukup penting terhadap tindakan preventif dan promotif penyakit, serta peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia dan penurunan kematian bayi dan ibu melalui peningkatan status gizi masyarakat. Studi pendahuluan menunjukkan pada balita yang jarang ke posyandu diketemukan, dari 39 balita terdapat 13 orang mengalami gizi kurang dan 1 orang mengalami gizi buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan partisipasi masyarakat Kampung Naga Kabupaten Tasikmalaya dalam kegiatan penimbangan balita di posyandu dengan menggunakan tinjauan sosiologis (interaksi sosial dan dukungan sosial). Dalam penelitian ini digunakan rancangan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan DKT, Wawancara, dan Observasi. Wawancara dilakukan kepada ibu balita, kuncen, punduh, tukang jampe, dukun beranak, ketua RT, perangkat desa, kader, bidan dan kepala puskesmas. Untuk kelengkapan data dilakukan juga pembicaraan informal dengan masyarakat di luar dan di dalam kampung, serta suami ibu balita. Validitas data dengan triangulasi sumber dan metode. Realibilitas dilakukan dengan auditing data. Partisipasi yang terjadi dalam masyarakat Kampung Naga tidak dapat dilepaskan begitu saja dari adat dan tradisi asli budaya Sunda yang dijunjung tinggi. Kedatangan ke posyandu dipengaruhi oleh : a. Nilai dan keyakinan masyarakat : kegiatan posyandu hanya bermanfaat untuk imunisasi, b. Petugas kurang mengetahui karakteristik masyarakat, upaya yang dilakukan hanya untuk kebutuhan petugas. Interaksi sosial masyarakat ditentukan oleh : a. kontak sosial : pengaruh adat dan saur sepuh'kata leluhur mengakibatkan timbulnya berbagai kegiatan yang wajib diikuti dan menunjukkan tidak mendukung terhadap partisipasi masyarakat dalam penimbangan balita, b. Komunikasi yang berupa informasi kesehatan masyarakat diperoleh dari kebiasaan sesepuhnya, orang tua dan menafsirkan sendiri masalah kesehatan yang dihadapinya. Masyarakat kurang mendapat penyuluhan. Sedangkan dukungan yang diberikan anggota keluarga dan kelompok referensi hanya berbentuk informatif, sebagai akibat struktur parokialisme yang dimilikinya. Nilai Anak tidak dapat menumbuhkan sikap dan partisipasi masyarakat. Hal ini dipengaruhi, aktivitas orang tua dan kepercayaan dalam pemelihaan anak. Selain itu, pemberian pembinaan dan perhatian anak lebih bersifat mempersiapkan anak agar mampu nantinya berperan dalam masyarakat dan senantiasa menjalankan ajaran nenek moyang.

Participation in the weighing of under five years children in Posyandu is important to be examined as it has an important impact toward disease prevention and promotion as well as in improvement of human resource quality and decreasing of infant and maternal death through the improvement of community's nutrition status. Previous study showed that out of 39 children under five years old that rarely come to Posyandu, there were 13 children who were malnourished and 1 person who had poor nutrition. This research was aimed to investigate and describe community's participation of Kampung Naga in Tasikmalaya regency in the weighing under five years children in Posyandu from sociological perspective (social interaction and social support). This research was using qualitative design. Data was collected with Focus Group Discussion, interview, and observation. Interview was done toward mothers of the children, kuncen, punduh, tukang jampe, head of community, village officials, cadre, midwife and head of Primary Health Care Center. To complete the data, informal conversation with community outside and inside the village as well as father of the children was done. Data validity was implemented with source and method triangulation, and reliability was done with data auditing. Participation that occurred in the community of Kampung Naga can not be separated from it's Sunda culture and custom. Visit to Posyandu was influenced by : a. value and believe of community, appraisal of Posyandu only bring advantage for immunization, b. health officer were not really understand community's characteristic, so that only officer's need that being prioritized. Social interaction of community is determined by : a. social contact, the influence of custom and saur sepuh/ancestor's words was causing various activity that should be attented and causing hatred toward improvement of community participation in the weighing of children under five years old in Posyandu, and b. health information of the community was obtained through harmony from ancestor's and parents habit, and interpret their problem by themselves. The communities of Kampung Naga were lack experienced of health information. As the effect of parokialisme structure in the community, support given by family member and reference group was informative. Value of children could not improve attitude and participation of community. This is caused by activity of parents and trust in looking after children. In addition, guidance and attention to children was prepared more to have a role in community and always following ancestor's discipline.

Kata Kunci : Partisipasi, penimbangan balita, Kampung Naga, tinjauan sosiologis, participation, weighing of under five years children, Kampung Naga, sociological perspective