ANALISIS SIRKUIT KEBUDAYAAN DALAM INDUSTRI KOMIK JEPANG TERJEMAHAN DI INDONESIA

IRMA NUUR AGUSTIN, Dr. Hedi Pudjo Santoso

2013 | Tesis | S2 Kajian Budaya dan Media

Komik di Indonesia bukanlah barang baru. Keberadaannya diperkenalkan oleh bangsa Belanda melalui komik-komik strip di koran-koran Belanda pada tahun 1930-an. Semenjak itu, komik menjadi sebuah bacaan populer yang menarik dan mencapai kejayaannya pada tahun 1960-an sampai 1970-an. Namun, pada tahun 1990-an Elexmedia Komputindo memperkenalkan sebuah komik jenis baru yaitu komik Jepang. Sejak saat itulah komik Jepang mendominansi pasar komik dan menjadi ‘komik’ itu sendiri. Dalam perjalanannya, dominansi ini bukan tanpa masalah. Banyak tuduhan-tuduhan buruk yang dialamatkan pada komik Jepang, seperti penyebab tergerusnya komik lokal, imperialism budaya, bahkan dicap sebagai bacaan yang mengkhawatirkan terutama setelah ditemukannya muatan seksual dalam beberapa komik Jepang. Meskipun begitu, muncul juga sisi positifnya di mana komik Jepang sangat dipuja oleh anak-anak perkotaan Indonesia generasi 1990-an karena memiliki gaya penceritaan yang menarik. Pemujaan ini lalu melahirkan komikkomik lokal manga style. Dinamika industri komik Jepang di Indonesia ini sangat menarik terutama tentang relasinya dengan praktek sosial masyarakat Indonesia. Untuk itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis sirkuit kebudayaan yang ada dalam industri komik Jepang terjemahan di Indonesia melalui relasi antar proses-proses budayanya meliputi produksi, representasi, identitas, konsumsi, dan regulasinya. Penelitian ini melibatkan beberapa pelaku di industri komik Jepang di Indonesia sebagai nara sumber untuk mengumpulkan data. Setelah dilakukan analisis proses-proses budayanya, dapat dilihat bahwa memang produksi, representasi, identitas, konsumsi, dan regulasi saling mempengaruhi dan terus bergerak dalam sebuah sirkuit kebudayan, sehingga menciptakan kondisi industri komik Jepang terjemahan yang ada sampai saat ini di Indonesia.

Comics is not a new thing in Indonesia. It was the Dutch contribution who introduced comics through Westerncomic strips in Dutch newspaper in 1930s to Indonesian. Thereafter, they were stimulated to create their own comics. 1960s and 1970s became the golden age of Indonesian comics. There were so many comics created by Indonesian young people.But In 1990s, Elexmedia Komputindo introduced Indonesian to a new kind of comics. It was Japanese comics. Japanese comics has its own charm. Soon, it became popular and dominated comics industry in Indonesia. Japanese comics domination caused some problems. There are accusations against Japanese comics, for example Japanese comics is the cause of local comics disappearance; Japanese comics is a cultural imperialsm; or Japanese comics is a bad children’s literature because sometimes it contains sexual materials. In the other side, there are many Japanese comics fans. They love Japanese comics because it has interesting story telling and graphic style. Subsequently, manga style became a new way to create comics. Japanese comics has been related for many years to social practices of Indonesian. So, this work is to analize circuit of culture in Indonesian version of Japanese comics industry in Indonesia through the relation of its cultural processes. Paul du Gay argued in his book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman that circuit of culture is the connection among several cultural processes, they are production, representation, identity, consumption , and regulation. This work also conducted interviewers who related to Japanese comics industry to collect datas. After analyzed the connection of cultural processes in Indonesian version of Japanese comics industry, we could see that every cultural proseses is connected and taken together to create a circuit of culture. And also we could understand that from the very first time Japanese comics in Indonesia, it identified itself as children’s literature. Whereas local comics intended for adult. They have different market. It shows us that Japanese comics has no responsibility for local comics disappearance. For young people, manga style could be used to show local material in a modern way. Even though Japanese comics is not really accepted as a good children’s literature but it’s very accepted as a good method especially in education. It shows ambivalence toward Japanese comics.

Kata Kunci : Industri Komik, Komik Jepang, Sirkuit Kebudayaan; Comic Industry, Japanese Comics, Circuit of Culture