Community-Driven Waste Management: How Sustainable are Waste Banks in Yogyakarta?

Sutomo, Marijk Huisjman

2013 | Tesis | S2 Magist.Prnc.Kota & Daerah

Penelitian ini fokus pada keberlanjutan pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat melalui sistem bank sampah. Bagian pertama dari penelitian ini memberikan gambaran tentang praktek pengelolaan sampah yang terjadi pada bank sampah di Kota Yogyakarta beserta motivasi masyarakat untuk terlibat pada aktivitas tersebut. Bagian berikutnya dari penelitian ini mencoba mengeksplorasi tingkat keberlanjutan dari bank sampah dalam konteks perkotaan berdasarkan konsep Integrated Sustainable Solid Waste Management (ISWM). Persepsi dari empat kelompok stakeholder dianalisa; bank sampah terpilih di Kota Yogyakarta beserta para nasabahnya, Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta dan para pelapak sampah yang terlibat dalam transaksi jual beli sampah dengan bank sampah tersebut. Bagian terakhir penelitian ini mengeksplorasi beberapa rekomendasi dari stakeholder tersebut untuk meningkatkan keberlanjutan bank sampah di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini termasuk exploratory and explanatory single holistic case study. Penentuan bank sampah terpilih dilakukan dengan teknik stratified purposive sampling, sedangkan pemilihan nasabah menggunakan convenience sampling. Sementara itu, responden dari pemerintah kota dan pelapak sampah dilakukan secara purposive. Berbagai literatur dan studi kasus dalam ISWM direview untuk menentukan variabel dan indikator yang digunakan sebagai alat untuk menilai tingkat keberlanjutan dari bank sampah tersebut. Sistem pengelolaan sampah dikatakan berkelanjutan jika sebagian besar aspek lingkungan, sosial dan ekonomi tercapai. Data primer dari nasabah bank sampah dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner. Sementara itu, data primer dari direktur bank sampah, penggerobag sampah RW, pejabat dan staf Badan Lingkungan Hidup Kota Yogyakarta, pejabat Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan pelapak sampah dilakukan melaui in-depth interview. Selain itu, juga dilakukan review beberapa data sekunder dan observasi langsung di lapangan. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisa secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan Atlas.ti dan SPSS program untuk kemudian ditampilkan dalam bentuk narasi, tabel, grafik dan gambar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bank sampah terpilih hanya menerima sampah anorganik dari nasabah. Di dalam aktifitasnya, bank sampah mencoba memasukkan nilai ekonomi ke dalam pengelolaan sampah masyarakat. Untuk menutup biaya operasional, bank sampah menerapkan sistem bagi hasil. Kepedulian terhadap lingkungan merupakan alasan utama nasabah untuk terlibat dalam kegiatan bank sampah. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar bank sampah terpilih adalah berkelanjutan karena hampir semua aspek lingkungan, sosial dan ekonomi tercapai. Hanya bank sampah Asri yang tidak berkelanjutan karena tidak mampu memenuhi sebagian besar kiteria lingkungan dan sosial. Pada konteks perkotaan, bank sampah terpilih mampu memberikan kontribusi pada keberlanjutan pengelolaan sampah di Kota Yogyakarta karena mampu mengurangi biaya pengelolaan dan pengangkutan sampah. Untuk meningkatkan keberlanjutan bank sampah, beberapa rekomendasi dihasilkan: penegakan peraturan, pemberian bantuan fasilitas dan peralatan, pelatihan dan pemasaran hasil kerajinan daur ulang sampah, meningkatkan kepedulian masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan sampah serta bantuan modal untuk pengembangan kegiatan bank sampah.

This research focused on the sustainability of community Solid Waste Management (SWM) through a waste bank system. The first part of the research renders insights the operation of the waste banks in Yogyakarta Municipality as well as the motivation of households to involve in the activities. The second part of this research explores the sustainability of the waste banks in the context of the city level based on Integrated Sustainable Solid Waste Management (ISWM) concept. The view points of four stakeholders group are analyzed in this study; the selected waste banks in the Yogyakarta Municipality, the customers of the waste banks, the local authority and the waste buyers conducting waste transaction with the waste banks. The final part highlights the suggestion made by the stakeholders on how the sustainability of the waste banks can be improved. The study was exploratory and explanatory single holistic case study. The selection of sample for waste banks was stratified purposive while for customers of the selected waste banks, it was convenience sampling. Meanwhile, the local authority officers and the waste buyers were purposive. Various literatures and case studies on ISWM were reviewed. Assessment variables and indicators were then formulated as analytic tools to assess the sustainability of the waste activities. The waste system is considered sustainable if most of the environment, social and economic goals are reached. The method of primary data collection involved semi open questionnaires which were conducted on the waste bank customers while in-depth interviews were administered with the waste bank directors, the selected waste bank customers, RW waste collectors, Environment Agency of Yogyakarta Municipality (EAYM) officers, the Ministry of Environment representatives and the selected waste buyers. Review secondary data as well as observation were also applied. The data from field work then were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively assisted by Atlas.ti and SPSS program software in the forms of narratives, tables, chats and images. The findings reveal that the selected waste banks only receive inorganic waste material from customers. In daily operation, the waste banks incorporate an economic value of waste into a community SWM system. To cover the operational costs, the selected waste banks adopt a profit sharing mechanism. In terms of motivation, the majority of customers use an environmental awareness as a main driving force to involve in the waste bank activities. The study also shows that the majority of the selected waste bank operations are sustainable since most of the environmental, social and economic sustainability principles were achieved. An exception is in the Asri waste bank; the Asri waste bank is not sustainable as it failed to fulfill mostly assessment indicators on environmental and social sustainability. In the context of the city level, the selected waste banks contribute to sustainable SWM system in Yogyakarta since they reduce the waste handling and collection costs of the Municipality. In order to improve the sustainability of waste bank operations, a set of suggestion is formulated; enforcing SWM regulation, distributing sufficient facility and equipment, training on making recycled craft products as well as the market creation, raising household awareness on SWM and also providing an additional capital to expand the waste bank operation.

Kata Kunci : sustainability; waste bank; solid waste; ISWM; Yogyakarta Municipality; keberlanjutan; bank sampah; sampah; ISWM; Kota Yogyakarta.