EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN Tagetes erecta L. TERHADAP MORTALITAS LARVA DAN IMAGO SERANGGA VEKTOR DEMAM BERDARAH Aedes aegypti L.
TRISNA RAHMAH, Dr. Siti Sumarmi
2013 | Tesis | S2 BiologiAedes aegypti L. adalah serangga vektor utama virus Dengue penyebab penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Penanggulangan penyakit DBD adalah dengan cara pemutusan siklus hidup Ae. aegypti. Pengendalian Ae. aegypti secara kimia menimbulkan efek negatif pada kesehatan manusia, lingkungan dan menurunnya kerentanan Ae. aegypti terhadap insektisida kimia. Untuk mengurangi efek negatif insektisida kimia, salah satunya dengan cara menggunakan insektisida berbahan aktif dari tumbuhan. Tagetes erecta L. adalah salah satu tumbuhan mengandung senyawa aktif terpenoid, flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin yang dapat digunakan sebagai insektisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dan konsentrasi yang efektif dari ekstrak etanol daun T. erecta terhadap larva dan imago Ae. aegypti. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan tujuh perlakuan, dan tiga ulangan. Setiap perlakuan menggunakan 10 larva instar keempat dan 10 imago Ae. aegypti. Kematian larva dan imago Ae. aegypti dihitung 24 jam setelah pengujian, kemudian dianalisis dengan Probit Analisis untuk mengetahui LC50 dan LC90 24 jam dari ekstrak etanol daun T. erecta terhadap larva dan imago Ae. aegypti. Pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak terhadap kematian larva dan imago Ae. aegypti di analisis dengan uji ANOVA mengunakan komputer program SPSS 16. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kematian rata-rata larva Ae. aegypti pada 1000 ppm sebesar 86,7% terjadi pada jam kelima setelah paparan, Kematian rata-rata larva Ae. aegypti sebesar 100% terjadi pada jam ke dua setelah paparan pada 2000 ppm. Kematian rata-rata larva Ae. aegypti 24 jam setelah paparan pada 1000 ppm sebesar 93,3%, dan pada 1500 ppm sebesar 100%. LC50 dan LC90 24 jam ekstrak terhadap larva adalah 568,50 ppm dan 1465,40 ppm. Kematian rata-rata imago yang efektif terjadi pada konsentrasi 5000 ppm (90%), kematian rata-rata imago pada konsentrasi 7000 ppm (100%). LC50 dan LC90 24 jam ekstrak terhadap imago Ae. aegypti adalah 2945,31 ppm dan 5594,31 ppm. Dengan demikian diketahui bahwa ekstrak etanol daun T. erecta lebih efektif membunuh larva instar keempat Ae. aegypti dibandingkan dengan imago Ae. aegypti. Ekstrak etanol daun T. erecta berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kematian larva dan imago Ae. aegypti, p < 0,05.
Aedes aegypti L. is a primary vector of dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) disease. The countermeasure against DHF disease is done by disruptingthe life cycle of Ae. aegypti. The use of synthetic chemicals to control Ae. aegypti has negative effects on the human health, environment and the resistance of Ae. Aegypti to synthetic insecticides. The use of natural insecticides made from active substance of plants is a way to reduce the negative effects resulted from the use of synthetic insecticides. Tagetes erecta L. is one of the plants that contains active compounds of terpenoid, flavonoid, saponin and tanin which can be used as insecticides. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effectiveness and the effective concentration of ethanol extract of T. erecta leaves on larva and imago of Ae. aegypti. The research was conducted by using Completely Randomized Design with 7 treatments and triplicate. Each treatment used 10 of the fourth instar larvae and 10 imago of Ae. aegypti. The deaths of larvae and imago of Ae. aegypti were accounted at 24 hours after the testing and then were analyzed by using Probit Analysis to determine the LC50 and LC90 of 24 hours of the ethanol extract of T. erecta leaves on the larvae and imago. The effects of concentration of the extract on the death of the larvae and imago were analyzed by using Anova with the use of SPSS 16 software. The result of this study showed that the average death of Ae. aegypti larvae at 1000 ppm was 86,7% which occurred at the fifth hours after the exposure. The average death of Ae. aegypti larvae of 100 % was achieved at the second hours after the exposure of 2000 ppm. The average deaths of Ae. aegypti larvae at 24 hours after the exposureof 1000 and 1500 ppm were 93,3% and 100 %, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 of 24 hours of the extract on larvae were 568,50 ppm dan 1465,40 ppm, respectively.The effective average of death of the imago was occurred at the concentration of 5000 ppm (90 %), the average of death of 100 % was achieved at 7000 ppm. LC50 and LC90 of 24 hours of the extract on the imago were 2945,31 ppm dan 5594,31 ppm, respectively. This study demonstrated that ethanol extract of T. erecta leaves is more effective in killing the fourth instar larvae than imago of Ae. aegypti. The ethanol extract of T. erecta leaves has significant impact on the death of larvae and imago of Ae. aegypti, p < 0,05.
Kata Kunci : Aedes aegypti L, Tagetes erecta L, ekstrak etanol, Insektisida
