KAJIAN EPIDEMIOLOGI KAWIN BERULANG PADA SAPI PERAH DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

drh. Surya Agus Prihatno, MP, Prof. Dr. Drh. Bambang Sumiarto, SU., Ph.D

2013 | Disertasi | S3 Sain Veteriner

Kawin berulang merupakan suatu gejala klinis yang dapat menyebabkan rendahnya efisiensi reproduksi dan produktifitas. Salah satu penyebabnya diduga karena faktor ternak, peternak, dan lingkungan. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah: menyidik prevalensi dan faktor risiko penyebab kawin berulang pada sapi perah peranakan Frisien Holstein (PFH), dan mengetahui aktivitas ovarium (kondisi ovarium dan profil folikel), profil hormone progesteron, konsentrasi hormon estrogen, kimia darah, dan mikroba uterus pada sapi perah yang mengalami kawin berulang. Empat penelitian telah dilakukan, yaitu meneliti 1). prevalensi dan faktor risiko kawin berulang, 2). kondisi ovarium, profil folikel ovarium serta profil hormone progeteron dan estrogen, 3). profil biokimia darah, dan 4). mikroba lumen uterus pada sapi perah yang mengalami kawin berulang. Faktor risiko diidentifikasi dan dikembangkan melalui kuesioner dalam suatu kajian lintas seksional dengan rancangan sampling tahapan ganda. Unit kajian penelitian ini adalah 921 sapi perah dengan tingkat konfidensi 95% dan 401 peternak terpilih. Faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian kawin berulang di tingkat ternak dan peternak diperoleh melalui pengamatan ternak, peternakan, dan wawancara langsung dengan pemilik. Anilisis data dilakukan secara uji deskriptif, chi-square, dan odds ratio (OR) untuk mengetahui asosiasi dan kekuatan asosiasi. Faktor risiko yang berpengaruh secara multipel dianilisis dengan membangun model logistic dan linear regression serta path model asiggment dengan program statistix analytical software, version 7.0 dan program SPSS statistic base 17,0 for windows. Pengamatan kondisi ovarium dan folikel menggunakan ultrasonografi, sedangkan profil progesterone dan kadar serum estrogen dianalisis menggunakan ELISA. Profil biokimia darah dengan menggunakan GOD-PAP untuk uji glukosa darah, metode CHOD-PAP untuk total kolesterol, metode Biuret untuk total protein, metode spektrofotometri untuk kalsium dan phosphor. Mikroba lumen uterus dianalisis dengan menumbuhkan sampel uterus pada media kultur primer menggunakan Plat Agar Darah dan McConkey Agar (MCA), isolasi, dan pengecatan Gram. Hasil analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa 1). Prevalensi kawin berulang pada tingkat ternak cukup tinggi 22,9%, dan pada tingkat peternak tinggi (29,4%). 2). Tidak semua variabel dalam analisis bivariat berasosisi secara bermakna dengan outcome, 3). Faktor risiko, baik ditingkat ternak maupun peternak berasosiasi dengan outcome. Pada tingkat ternak yang paling berpengaruh adalah IB, kondisi sapi kurus dan agak kurus, rumput campuran atau rumput gajah dan gangguan teracak. Pada tingkat peternak yang paling berpengaruh adalah retensi plasenta, endometritis, deteksi estrus dua kali perhari, lamenes, saluran pembuangan. pengetahuan tentang estrus, sumber mata air, dan jarak waktu estrus sampai perkawinan. 4). Faktor risiko yang mempunyai pengaruh langsung (direct effect) terhadap kejadian kawin berulang adalah retensi plasenta, saluran pembuangan yang kotor, lameness, pengamatan deteksi estrus dua kali perhari, dan endometritis, 5). Kondisi ovarium, profil diameter folikel, profil hormone progesterone dan kadar estrogen pada saat estrus pada sapi perah kawin berulang lebih rendah dibandingkan sapi fertil. 6). Profil biokimia darah seperti total kolesterol, glukosa dan phosphor pada sapi kawin berulang lebih rendah di bandingkan sapi fertil (P<0,05), sedangkan total protein dan kalsium tidak berbeda. 7). Jenis bakteri pada lumen uterus sapi kawin berulang dan sapi fertil tidak berbeda, namum populasi bakteri pada sapi kawin berulang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sapi fertile (P<0,05).

Repeat breeding is a clinical symptom that can lead to low reproductive efficiency and productivity. It can be caused by livestock, farmers, and the environment. The main objectives of this study were investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with repeat breeding on Frisian Holstein dairy cows (PFH), and activity of the ovaries (ovarian condition and follicular profiles), progesterone profiles, estrogen concentrations, blood chemistry profile, and microbial uterus in dairy cows that experienced repeat breeding. Four studies have been conducted, 1. Investigate the prevalence and risk factors for repeat breeding, 2. Condition of the ovaries, ovarian follicles profile, and progesterone and estrogen hormone profiles, 3. Blood biochemical profile, 4. Uterine lumen bacteria. Risk factors are identified and developed through a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study with multiple stage sampling design. Units of study in this research were 922 dairy cows with confidence level 95% and 401 selected farmers. Risk factors which affected the incidence of repeat breeding at the level of livestock and farmers obtained through dairy cows observations, farming system, and direct interview to the owners. Data analysis was performed descriptively, chi-square test, and odd ratio (OR) to determine the significance associations of variables and the strength of association on the incidence of repeat breeding. Those risk factors were analyzed by constructing logistic models, linear regression models, and path models assignment with statistic analytical software, version 7.0 and SPSS 17.0 for windows. Ultrasound was used for ovaries and follicles observation. Furthermore ELISA was used for analyzing the profile of serum progesterone and estrogen levels. Blood biochemical profiles such as blood glucose by GOD-PAP method, total cholesterol by CHOD-PAP, total protein by Biuret method, calcium and phosphorus were determined by spectrophotometry system. Uterine samples were grown in primary culture media such as Blood Agar Plate (PAD) and McConkey Agar (MCA), isolation, and Gram staining. In conclusion, prevalence of repeat breeding at farm level is quite high 22.9%, and at farmer level is high as 29.4%. Several variables that analyzed by bivariate did not associate significantly with outcome. Risk factors that analyzed by multivariate at both livestock and farmers were associated significantly with the outcome. Risk factor that had a significant association to repeat breeding in farm level was artificial insemination, the condition of thin cows, the condition is rather thin cows, grass mix or elephant grass, and lameness. Risk factor that had a significant association to repeat breeding in farmer level was placenta retained, endometritis, twice estrus detection a day, lameness, barn sanitation, knowledge of estrus cycles, water resource and first estrus sign to mating. Path analysis showed a critical point of risk factors that at once could control other factors. Ovaries condition, follicle diameter profiles, progesterone concentrations and estrogen levels during estrus in dairy cattle which suffer repeat breeding were lower than the fertile cows. Blood biochemical profiles such as total cholesterol, glucose and phosphorus in dairy cattle which suffer repeat breeding were significantly lower than fertile cows (P <0.05), although protein total and calcium were not different. Types of bacteria in the bovine uterine lumen which suffer repeat breeding and fertile cows were not different but the population of bacteria in the cows that suffer repeat breeding were significantly higher than fertile cows (P <0.05). Key word: repeat breeding, bivariate analysis, logistic regression, liniear regression, dairy cows

Kata Kunci : kawin berulang, analisis bivariat, regresi logistik, regresi linier, sapi perah