UPAYA PENURUNAN TINGKAT CEMARAN DAN TOKSISITAS AFLATOKSIN B1 PADA JAGUNG SERTA PENGGUNAANNYA SEBAGAI PAKAN BROILER

Yunianta, Ir.,MP., Prof. Dr. Ir. Ali Agus, DAA., DEA.

2013 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Peternakan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan tingkat cemaran aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) pada jagung dengan pengendalian kadar air awal penyimpanan dan menekan toksisitasnya melalui pemberian metionin dalam ransum broiler, dengan demikian penggunaan jagung sebagai pakan ternak dapat dioptimalkan. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Ternak Unggas Fakultas Peternakan, Laboratorium Patologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan dan Laboratorium Penelitian dan Pengembangan Terpadu (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada. Penelitian terdiri atas 3 tahapan, dimulai dari bulan Agustus 2007 sampai dengan Nopember 2009. Penelitian tahap 1. diawali dengan melakukan deteksi tingkat cemaran aflatoksin B1 pada jagung di Kabupaten Blitar, Klaten, Gunungkidul dan Tasikmalaya, dilanjutkan dengan penelitian penurunan cemaran aflatoksin B1 jagung dengan kadar air awal penyimpanan 13 (P1), 15 (P2) dan 18% (P3). Penelitian tahap 2. Penurunan toksisitas Aflatoksin B1 pada broiler dengan metionin. Dalam penelitian ini diproduksi AFB1 kasar sebagai ganti aflatoksin B1 murni. Pengujian performan broiler menggunakan 135 ekor DOC broiler jantan dengan 3 level metionin (0,4; 0,8 dan 1,2%) serta 3 level AFB1 (0; 500 dan 1000) ppb. Penelitian tahap 3. Efisiensi metionin sebagai prekusor gluthation (GSH). Hewan percobaan yang digunakan adalah 25 ekor broiler jantan dengan aflatoksin murni 1.000 ppb dan tingkat metionin dalam ransum P1 (0,5%); P2 (0,75%); P3 (1,0%); P4 (1,25%) dan P5 (1,5%). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis statistik menggunakan Anova dengan program statistik SPSS 16. Hasil penelitian tahap 1 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat cemaran aflatoksin B1 jagung di petani berkisar antara 0,91- 45,41 ppb, sedangkan pada pasar tradisional 29,00 – 243,03 ppb. Jagung dengan kadar air 13 dan 15% dapat mencegah pertumbuhan jamur dan kontaminasi aflatoksin B1 selama penyimpanan, serta dapat mencegah turunnya nilai nutrisi jagung dan aflatoksikosis pada broiler. Hasil tahap 2 menunjukkan bahwa metionin dalam ransum 0,8 % dapat mengurangi toksisitas dari AFB1 500 dan 1.000 ppb. Hasil Tahap 3. menunjukkan bahwa penambahan metionin dalam ransum dapat meningkatkan GSH secara nyata dengan persamaan y =1,763 ln(x) + 7,111 dengan R2 = 0,976 pada broiler umur 21 hari dan y = 0,135X2 – 0,313x + 5,046 dengan R2 = 0,936 pada umur 35 hari. Dari seluruh tahapan penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa kontaminasi Aflatoksin B1 jagung dapat diturunkan dengan pengeringan hingga kadar air 13 sampai 15 %. Penggunaan metionin 0,8% dalam ransum terbukti dapat meningkatkan gluthation sehingga mampu menurunkani toksisitas aflatoksin B1.

The aim of this research was to reduced of contaminant and toxicity aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in corn as broiler feed by controlling the moisture content of corn at the beginning of the storage and decreasing the toxicity by giving methionine in the broiler feed. The research was conducted at the Poultry Laboratory , Clinical Pathology Laboratory, and the Laboratory of Research and Integrated Development (LPPT), Universitas Gadjah Mada. The research consisted of three stages, starting from August 2007 to November 2009. The first stage of research: the influence of the moisture content of corn before storage on AFB1 contaminants, and the development of fungi during storage. In this research, a preliminary survey concerning the level of contaminat in corn was conducted in some areas in Indonesia : Blitar, Klaten, Gunungkidul and Tasikmalaya. The research result AFBI ranged from 0.91 to 45.41 ppb at the farmer level and 29.00 to 243.03 ppb at the traditional market. The data showed that although the corn was already kept for 6 months, the corn with 13% and 15% moisture content, could still be used as good substance of feed. The second stage of the research aimed at reducing AFBI toxicity in broiler with methionine. The research used raw AFB1, produced by planting isolat FNCC 6122 Aspergillus flavus. There were three replications for each feed treatment. DOC male broilers were being fed with 3 levels of methionine (0.4; 0.8 and 1.2%) and three levels of AFB1 (0; 500 and 1000) ppb. The research was conducted with a 3 x 3 factorial research design. Results showed that there was interaction between the level of aflatoxin and methionine in the feed and the consumption of food, weight and feed conversion, resulting in the decrease of performance. The feed consumption at the level of 500 pbb AFB1 contaminants could be significantly repaired by supplementing 0.8% methionine in feed. The same also applied to weight and feed conversion. The third stage of the research: Methionine efficiency as a GSH precursor. The animals used were 25 male broilers with 1.000 ppb pure aflatoxin and the level of methionine in P1 feed (0.5 %); P2 (0.75%); P3 (1%); P4 (1.25%) and P5 (1.5%). The results showed that the supplementation of methionine in feed could significantly improve GSH with an equation of y=1.763 In (x) + 7.111 with R2 = 0.976 for 21-day old broilers and y = 0.135x2-0.313x + 5.046 with R2 = 0.936 for 35-day old broilers. From all stages of the research, it was concluded that contamination of AFB1 in corn could be reduced by drying the fresh corn until it reached 13 to 15% water levels. The supplementation of 0.8% methionine in feed has been proven to be able to decrease the toxicity of AFB1 until 500 pbb, the increase of methionine could be used to increase the GSH production and enable it to decrease AFB1 toxicity.

Kata Kunci : Aflatoksin B1, Broiler, Gluthation, Jagung dan Metionin