HUBUNGAN POLA MAKAN DENGAN PENURUNAN FUNGSI GINJAL PADA PASIEN DM TIPE 2 RAWAT JALAN DI RSUP DR.SARDJITO YOGYAKARTA

ANNAAFI ANNUUR UTORO, Susetyowati, DCN., M.Kes.

2013 | Skripsi | GIZI KESEHATAN

Latar Belakang : Berdasarkan pola penyakit terbanyak pasien rawat jalan poli penyakit dalam di RSUP Dr. Sardjito, penyakit DM menempati urutan pertama. Penyakit DM tidak dapat disembuhkan namun dapat dikendalikan untuk memperlambat terjadinya komplikasi, salah satunya yaitu dengan perencanaan pola makan. Beberapa penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa pola makan yang buruk seperti tinggi asupan lemak total, lemak jenuh, natrium dan minuman bersoda dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan fungsi ginjal. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan pola makan yaitu, asupan energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat dan konsumsi minuman bersoda dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal pada pasien DM tipe 2 rawat jalan di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta. Metode Penelitian : Jenis penelitian observasional dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pengambilan data primer (data karakteristik pasien, antropometri, data food recall 24 jam selama 2 hari tanpa berturut-turut dan data food frequency) dan data sekunder (hasil tes laboratorium pasien yaitu kadar kreatinin). Pola makan pasien yaitu asupan energi, protein lemak, dan karbohidrat serta konsumsi minuman soda diperoleh dari hasil food recall 24 jam, dan food frequency (FFQ). Data penurunan fungsi ginjal pasien diperoleh dengan menggunakan rumus MDRD yang membutuhkan data umur, jenis kelamin, ras dan kadar kreatinin serum. Uji analisis yang digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan antara pola makan (asupan energi, protein, lemak dan minuman bersoda) dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal adalah uji Chi-square, Somers’d dan uji regresi logistik. Hasil Penelitian : Ada hubungan asupan energi, protein, dan karbohidrat dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal (p < 0,05). Tidak ada hubungan asupan lemak, dan konsumsi soda dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal (p > 0,05). Terdapat hubungan antara umur dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal (p = 0,021) dan durasi penyakit DM dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal (p = 0,040). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara obesitas dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal (p > 0,05). Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara asupan energi, protein dan karbohidrat dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal pada pasien DM tipe 2 rawat jalan di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta.

Background : Based on the most disease pattern of internal medicine outpatients at Dr. Sardjito Central General Hospital, DM disease was occupied in the first ranks. Basically, DM disease could not be cured, but it could be controlled in term of reducing the effect of complications. One of the methods to reduce the effect of complications is by planning the proper dietary pattern. Some studies revealed the poor in planning the dietary pattern such as the high intake of fat, saturated fat, sodium and carbonated beverages, which might cause decline in kidney function. Objective : To determine the relationship of dietary pattern, the intake of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and the consumption of soft drinks with decline in kidney functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients in Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta. Method : This observational study using cross-sectional design. The research was conducted with the primary data (data of patient’s characteristics, anthropometry, 24-hours of food recall’s data for two consecutive days in dissuccession and food frequency’s data) and secondary data (laboratory test results by using the level of creatinine). The patient's dietary pattern such as the intake of energy, protein, fats, and carbohydrates as well as the consumption of soft drinks is obtained from the results of 24-hours food recall and food frequency (FFQ). The decline in kidney function’s data is obtained using the MDRD formula that requires the data of age, sex, race, and serum creatinine levels. The analysis tests were used to determine the relationship between dietary pattern (intake of energy, protein, fat and soft drinks) and decline in kidney function are Chi-square test, Somers’d test and logistic regression. Results : There is a relationship between intake of energy, protein, and carbohydrate with decline in kidney function (p < 0,05). However, there is no relationship between intake of fat and soda consumption with decline in kidney function (p > 0,05). There is a relationship between age and decline in kidney function (p = 0,021) and duration of diabetes disease and decline in kidney function (p = 0,040). Last, there is no relationship between obesity and decline in kidney function (p > 0,05). Conclusion : There is a significant relationship between intake of energy, protein and carbohydrate with decline in kidney function in the type 2 of diabetes’ outpatients in Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta.

Kata Kunci : Pola makan, DM tipe 2, penurunan fungsi ginjal, RSUP Dr. Sardjito