FAKTOR RISIKO PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI KECAMATAN LANGKE REMBONG KABUPATEN MANGGARAI

Marsel Lijung, Prof. dr. Muhammad Juffrie, SpA(K).,Ph.D, ; Yayuk Hartriyanti, SKM, M.Kes,

2013 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis

Latar Belakang: Pneumonia adalah proses infeksi akut yang mengenai jaringan paru-paru (alveoli). Pneumonia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan dunia pada umumnya dan Indonesia pada khususnya. Penyakit pneumonia pada balita terjadi karena adanya interaksi yang tidak seimbang antara agent, host dan lingkungan. Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor host (status gizi dan status imunisasi), lingkungan sosial demografi (penghasilan keluarga dan tingkat pendidikan ibu), dan lingkungan fisik rumah (ventilasi, lantai rumah, letak dapur, lubang asap dapur dan kepadatan hunian kamar) terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Metode Penelitian: Jenis penelitian ini observasional analitik menggunakan desain penelitian case control. Sampel kasus 50 orang balita pneumonia dan sampel kontrol 50 orang balita bukan pneumonia. Penentuan sampel dilakukan non random sampling secara purposive sampling. Variabel bebas yaitu faktor host (status gizi dan status imunisasi), faktor lingkungan sosial demografi (penghasilan keluarga dan tingkat pendidikan ibu), dan faktor lingkungan fisik rumah (ventilasi, lantai rumah, letak dapur, lubang asap dapur dan kepadatan hunian). Variabel terikat yaitu kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Analisis data menggunakan Odds Ratio (OR) pada α = 0,05 untuk mengetahui faktor risiko pneumonia pada balita. Hasil Penelitian: Didapatkan status gizi (Pvalue=0,822), status imunisasi (Pvalue=0,068), penghasilan keluarga (Pvalue=0,002, OR=3,717), tingkat pendidikan ibu (Pvalue=0,032, OR=2,891), ventilasi (Pvalue=0,025, OR=2,528), lantai rumah (Pvalue=0,041, OR=2,333), letak dapur (Pvalue=0,005, OR=3,222), lubang asap dapur (Pvalue=0,016, OR=2,667) dan kepadatan hunian (Pvalue=0,004, OR=4,636). Kesimpulan: Penghasilan keluarga, tingkat pendidikan ibu, ventilasi, lantai rumah, letak dapur, lubang asap dapur dan kepadatan hunian merupakan faktor risiko kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kecamatan Langke Rembong tahun 2012, sedangkan status gizi dan status imunisasi bukan merupakan faktor risiko kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kecamatan Langke Rembong tahun 2012. Perlu meningkatkan kewaspadaan diri terhadap pneumonia dengan cara mencegah dari faktor risiko terjadinya pneumonia.

Background: Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung tissue (alveoli). Pneumonia remains a global health problem in general and Indonesia in particular. Pneumonia in toddler is due to the unequal interaction between agent, host and environment. Objective: This study aimed to analyze host factors (nutritional status and immunization status), socio-demographic environment (family income and maternal education level), and the house physical environment (ventilation, floor of the house, kitchen layout, kitchen chimney and residential density) to pneumonia incidence in toddler. Method: This study was observational analytic which using case-control study design. The case sample was 50 pneumonia toddlers and the control sample was 50 non pneumonia toddlers. The determination sample conducted was non-random sampling by purposive sampling. Independent variable was host factors (nutritional status and immunization status), socio-demographic environment factors (family income and maternal education level), and the house physical environment factors (ventilation, floor of the house, kitchen layout, kitchen chimney and residential density). Dependent variable was the incidence of pneumonia in toddler. The data analysis using the Odds Ratio (OR) at α = 0.05 to determine the risk factors of pneumonia in toddlers. Results: There were nutritional status (Pvalue = 0.822), immunization status (Pvalue = 0.068), family income (Pvalue = 0.002, OR = 3.717), maternal education level (Pvalue = 0.032, OR = 2.891), ventilation (Pvalue = 0.025 , OR = 2.528), floor of the house (Pvalue = 0.041, OR = 2.333), kitchen layout (Pvalue = 0.005, OR = 3.222), kitchen chimney (Pvalue = 0.016, OR = 2.667) and the residential density (Pvalue = 0.004, OR = 4.636). Conclusion: Family income, maternal education level, ventilation, floor of the house, kitchen layout, kitchen chimney and residential density were risk factors of the pneumonia incidence in toddlers in Langke Rembong Sub district in 2012. While the nutritional status and immunization status were not risk factors of the pneumonia incidence in toddlers in Langke Rembong sub district in 2012. It needed to increase vigilance against pneumonia by preventing the occurrence of pneumonia risk factors.

Kata Kunci : Pneumonia Balita, Faktor Risiko