GERAKAN ISLAM NON-MAINSTREAM DI INDONESIA: Studi tentang Jamaah An-Nadzir di Sulawesi Selatan

MUSTAQIM PABBAJAH, Prof. Dr. Syamsul Hadi, SU., MA

2013 | Disertasi | S3 Agama dan Lintas Budaya

Setelah reformasi bergulir pada tahun 1998, berbagai bentuk pergulatan dan gerakan sosial marak bermunculan di tengah kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan berbagai bentuk respons masyarakat dengan aksi-aksi sosial, termasuk gerakan sosial yang bernuansa keagamaan. Dalam hal ini, semakin banyak paham keagamaan di luar mainstream keberagamaan Islam di Indonesia. Kehadiran Jamaah An-Nadzir sebagai salah satu gerakan Islam non-mainstream merupakan bentuk respons keterbukaan kesempatan politik tersebut. Meskipun pemerintah telah membuat peraturan, pengawasan dan pembatasan terhadap aktivitas gerakan keagamaan nonmainstream semacam ini, tetapi Jamaah An-Nadzir dapat melangsungkan aktivitas keagamaan. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada persoalan bagaimana keberhasilan dan keberlangsungan aktivitas keagamaan Jamaah An-Nadzir di Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan. Dalam hal ini, bagaimana praktik gerakan keagamaan Jamaah An-Nadzir dalam melangsungkan gerakan keagamaan. Selain itu, diungkapkan pula orientasi ideologi dan teologi yang mendasari gerakan keagamaan An- Nadzir. Adanya keterbukaan kesempatan politik pasca reformasi, berpengaruh positif bagi perkembangan dan kelangsungan gerakan keagamaan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikemukakan gambaran komprehensif mengenai faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya sebuah gerakan keagamaan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan dan penelitian pustaka. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini digunakan jenis qualitative research, karena data yang tersaji dikumpulkan dengan cara-cara dan strategi pengumpulan data yang lazim digunakan dalam pengumpulan data yang bersifat kualitatif, meskipun terdapat beberapa data yang bersifat kuantitatif guna melengkapi data kualitatif yang diperoleh. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan meliputi observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan studi dokumentasi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan konsep gerakan sosial, kemudian dituangkan dalam bentuk tulisan. Metode atau pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana gerakan Islam non-mainstream berkembang dan melangsungkan misi keagamaan. Kehadiran Jamaah An-Nadzir di tengah masyarakat, semakin menegaskan eksistensi varian gerakan keagamaan di Indonesia khususnya Islam. Hal ini menunjukkan keberadaan gerakan keagamaan bukan hanya Islam mainstream, tetapi terdapat pula Islam non-mainstream. Munculnya gerakan Islam nonmainstream tersebut disebabkan oleh tiga faktor. Pertama, terbukanya kesempatan politik, yang dibarengi dengan terbukanya kebebasan bererkspresi dan beragama. Kedua, menguatnya paham keagamaan di kalangan masyarakat. Ketiga, adanya respons terhadap keberagamaan Islam mainstream yang tidak lagi berpihak terhadap kepuasan spiritual, sehingga menimbulkan kekecewaan yang akhirnya memilih jalan lain di luar mainstream.

After the reformation in 1998, various forms of struggles and social movements appeared increasingly prevalent in the lives of the Indonesian people. This is demonstrated by the various forms of community responses to social action and social movements which is nuanced of religious. It indicates that there is more religious thought outside of the religious mainstream Islam in Indonesia. The attendance of Jamaat-Nadzir as one of the non-mainstream Islamic movement to which as a response onto the openness of the political opportunity. Although the government has made regulations, controls and restrictions on the activities of non-mainstream religious movements of this kind, but the Jamaah An-Nadzir may still hold religious activities. This study focuses on how the success and sustainability of the activity of religious Jamaat An-Nadzir in Gowa, South Sulawesi which is to see on how the practice religious movement of Jamaah-Nadzir is running on the religious movement. In addition, the orientation disclosed underlying ideology and theology of the religious movement of An-Nadzir. With the openness of political opportunity after the reformation, it has handed over a positive influence for the development and survival of a religious movement. Therefore, It is necessary to put forward a comprehensive overview of the factors that influence the emergence of a religious movement. This research is a field and library research. Data collection in this study used qualitative type of research because the data presented are collected by means of data collection strategies that are commonly used in qualitative data collection, although there are some quantitative data to complement the qualitative data obtained. Data collection techniques used including of observation, interviews, and documentary study. The data obtained are analyzed by using the concept of a social movement, and then poured in writing. The method or approach used in this study is how the non-mainstream Islamic movements grow up and establish with a religious mission. The attendance of Jamaah An-Nadzir in society confirms further the existence of variants of religious movements in Indonesia particularly in Islam. This suggests the existence of a religious movement is not just a mainstream Islam, but also a non-mainstream Islam. The emergence of non-mainstream Islamic movement is caused by three factors. The first, It is because of the opening of political opportunity which is hand in hand with the opening of expression and religious freedom. Secondly, There is a strengthening of religious understanding among the people. The last is in response to the religious mainstream Islam that is no longer sympathetic to the spiritual satisfaction, leading to disappointment that eventually leave for a choice in toanother path outside of the mainstream.

Kata Kunci : Gerakan Keagamaan, Non-mainstream, Jamaah An-Nadzir, Kesempatan Politik.