SISTEM SAPAAN DALAM BAHASA WOLIO KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK

FIRMAN ALAMSYAH MANSYUR, Prof. Dr. I Dewa Putu Wijana, S.U., M.A,

2013 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Tesis ini menjelaskan sistem sapaan bahasa Wolio yang mencakup bentuk, distribusi, makna serta pola penggunaan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan sapaan dalam bahasa Wolio. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Kajian ini dilakukan melalui tiga tahap. Pertama, data diperoleh melalui metode simak dengan teknik simak bebas libat cakap, dan metode cakap dengan teknik pancing, cakap semuka, rekam dan catat. Kedua, data dianalisis melalui metode padan ekstralingual dan ditribusional. Ketiga, penyajian hasil analisis menggunakan metode deskriptif dan simbolik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan tiga hal terkait dengan rumusan masalah yang dibahas sebagai berikut ini. (1) Bentuk dan distribusi sapaan dalam bahasa Wolio dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut ini. Pertama, bentuk sapaan dapat dilihat dari ciri morfologis dan sintaksisnya. Ciri morfologis sapaan berupa bentuk tunggal, kompleks, bentuk dasar dan bentuk turunan (kata ulang dan kata majemuk). Berdasarkan ciri sintaksisnya ditemukan adanya sapaan berupa bentuk frasa nomina atributif dan frasa pronomina apositif. Sementara itu, distribusi bentuk sapaan dapat terjadi di depan, di tengah dan di belakang klausa (2) Secara semantik, sapaan dapat digolongkan menjadi delapan, yaitu: sapaan nama diri, sapaan pronomina, sapaan kekerabatan, sapaan jabatan dan profesi, sapaan gelar, sapaan religi sapaan persahabatan dan sapaan julukan (3) Pola penggunaan sapan bahasa Wolio dapat dibedakan atas penggunaan sapaan dalam keluarga inti, keluarga luas dan masyarakat pada situasi informal dan formal. Pola penggunaan sapaan dapat berupa sapaan kekerabatan, nama diri, pronomina persona, gelar, jabatan, keagamaan, persahabatan, julukan dan kolokasi dari beberapa unsur tersebut. Penelitian ini menemukan penggunaan sapaan kekerabatan vertikal yang sangat dominan penggunaannya baik kepada kerabat karena hubungan perkawinan maupun kepada masyarakat luas akibat pengaruh nilai sosial (social value) yaitu falsafah hidup masyarakat Wolio “Bhinci-Bhinciki Kuli” yang berarti “cubit-cubitlah kulit. Falsafah ini mengajarkan nilai-nilai kekerabatan dan kebersamaan yang erat bagi masyarakat. Pemilihan bentuk sapaan akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh aspek-aspek non kebahasaan atau faktor-faktor sosial berupa situasi, kekerabatan, keakraban, umur, jenis kelamin, status sosial, status perkawinan, keagamaan dan gelar. Temuan ini menunjukan keberadaan kaidah alternasi, kokurensi dan kolokasi yang sederhana dan kompleks dalam sistem sapaan bahasa Wolio.

This thesis described the addressing system of Wolio language based on sociolinguistic approach. This research analyzed the addressing system based on its form and distribution, the classification of its meaning and explained the pattern of the usage of term of address along with the factors that influence the addressing choice. The approach of this research is sociolinguistics. It was conducted in three stages. Firstly, the data were collected by using observation method with the technique of non-active participation; and consultative method with the choice technique and direct interview method by using face-to-face interview, recording, and noting in collecting data. Secondly, the data were analyzed with extralingual match and distributional method. Finally the analysis was presented descriptively and symbolically. This research concluded three main points in relating with the discussion of the research problems, as follows: (1) The addressing form and distribution can be explained as follows. Firstly, addressing form is classified into morphological and syntactical characteristics. In morphological characteristics, addressing forms are classified into single form, complex form, base form, and derivative form (repeated word and compound word). In syntactic characteristics, the addressing form could be included in attributive noun and appositive pronoun phrase. Secondly, the addressing distribution can take in the beginning, the middle, and the end position of the clause. (2) Based on the semantics, the classification of term of address can be divided into eight classifications those are self-name address, personal pronoun address, kinship address, occupational and professional address, title address, religious address, friendship address, and sobriquet address. (3) The pattern of addressing system of Wolio language can be distinguished for usage in nuclear or conjugal family, extended family, and society on informal and formal situations. The addressing usage could use the pattern as follows; self-name address, personal pronoun address, kinship address, occupational and professional address, title address, religious address, friendship address, sobriquet address and collocation from the addressing kind. This research also found the domination of usage of kinship address vertically either for extend family caused by marriage and non-family in society as effect of social value of Wolio society, namely the life philosophy of Wolio “Bhinci-Bhinciki Kuli”. It means “pinch your skin”. This philosophy explains the value of close kinship and solidarity in society. The addressing choice was influenced by social factors, namely: situation, kinship, intimacy, age, sex, social, marital status, religious, and title factors. This research found the existence of alternation, co-occurrence, and simple and complex collocation rule in addressing system of Wolio language.

Kata Kunci : istilah sapaan, bentuk, makna, pola penggunaan, faktor-faktor sosial.