KAJIAN BUDIDAYA JAMBU AIR MERAH DELIMA DI KABUPATEN DEMAK
MIRANTI DIAN PERTIWI, Dr.-Ing. Ir. Djoko Sulistyo
2013 | Tesis | S2 AgronomiJambu air Merah Delima adalah varietas unggul asli Demak dan merupakan komoditas buah unggulan daerah. Kesesuaian iklim, topografi dan sifat fisika-kimia tanah di Demak menjadikan tanaman jambu air dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi lebih dari dua kali per tahun dengan penampilan fisik buah menarik yaitu warna merah mengkilat, berukuran besar, rasa manis, renyah dan bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Namun, penelitian tentang jambu air masih sangat terbatas dibandingkan dengan komoditas buah unggul lainnya. Tujuan penelitian untuk mempelajari perbedaan budidaya, pertumbuhan dan produksi jambu air yang ditanam di lahan kering dan lahan sawah di kabupaten Demak dengan metode survei. Pra Penelitian dilakukan pada Oktober 2011 – Januari 2012. Penelitian dilakukan bertepatan saat musim panen raya pada Maret – Juni 2012. Lokasi penelitian yaitu di Kecamatan Wonosalam, Demak dan Bonang. Sampel penelitian adalah petani sebanyak 50 orang, dengan proporsi berturut-turut 28 : 14 : 8 petani. Sub sampel penelitian adalah 54 tanaman jambu air ditentukan secara purposive dengan rancangan tersarang yaitu (3 kecamatan x 2 jenis lahan x 3 tanaman). Survei budidaya menggunakan pembanding Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) Jambu Air yang diterbitkan oleh Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Demak. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sifat fisika dan kimia tanah, iklim mikro, pertumbuhan, produksi dan kualitas hasil jambu air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terapan budidaya jambu air Merah Delima di lahan kering dan sawah hanya mencapai status terapan rendah dan sedang (menggunakan dasar SOP jambu air). Terdapat pengaruh interaksi yang nyata antara terapan budidaya dan lokasi penelitian dan antara terapan budidaya dengan jenis lahan terhadap produksi jambu air Merah Delima. Penataan lahan jambu air sistem surjan dan sistem budidaya terpadu dengan kolam ikan dengan bagian parit atau kolam ikan selalu terisi air, kurang sesuai bagi tanaman jambu air karena menyebabkan perakaran tanaman selalu dalam kondisi anaerob. Penataan lahan datar dengan pengairan secara berkala menyebabkan kadar lengas tanah tersedia tidak terlalu tinggi dan lebih sesuai bagi tanaman jambu air Merah Delima. Kadar lengas tanah tersedia merupakan faktor lingkungan tumbuh yang memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap produksi jambu air Merah Delima di lahan kering dan sawah pada tanah Grumosol. Semakin tinggi lengas tanah tersedia maka produksi jambu air Merah Delima akan semakin berkurang.
Merah Delima is considered as superior native variety of water apple in Demak. The fruit is well known as the high quality water apple in the regions. Suitable environment of climate, topography and soil physicochemical properties in Demak make it possible for the fruit to produce more than twice per year with attractive physical appearance of the fruit as red and shiny color , large, sweet, crispy and high economic value. However, researches of Merah Delima water apple were still limited compared to other fruit superior commodities. Therefore, the survey as assessment method of water apple was conducted to identify and study the differences of cultivation, growth and production of the fruits which were cultivated in dry land and paddy fields as specific conditions of Demak regency. The assessment series included pre-survey in October 2011 – January 2012 and plants’ observation in March– June 2012 which was a peak season for the fruits. The site locations were chosen purposively, i.e. in Wonosalam, Demak and Bonang Sub Districts. In that case, water apple tree’s population differences were being the criteria of sites selection. In pre survey, as many as 50 farmers were interviewed as respondents with the proportion of consecutive 28: 14: and 8 farmers for each Sub District. The plants’ observation included 54 trees which were chosen purposively. ‘Nested design’ was used (3 sub district x 2 land types x 3 plants). Basically the cultivation results were compared to Water Apple Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) issued by Demak Agriculture Services. Parameters observed in the survey involved physical and chemical properties of soil, microclimate, growth, production and quality of water apple . The results showed that water apple cultivation applied statuses in dry and paddy field were only in low and medium, based on Water Apple Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Infact, there were significant interaction effect between research sites and cultivation applied as well as between the land types and cultivation applied in Merah Delima Water Apple production. Water Apple cultivation in surjan system or integrated with fish-farming system were less suitable since most of the time the roots were under anaerobic condition. Water apple cultivation is more suitable in flat land with intermittent irrigation system since soil moisture was not relatively high. In Grumosol soil type, available soil moisture is considered as one of soil physical properties that has negative significant effect for Merah Delima water apple production, both in dry land and paddy field. In that case, the higher available soil moisture the lower water apple Merah Delima production.
Kata Kunci : Jambu air Merah Delima, Budidaya, Lahan Kering dan Sawah, Kabupaten Demak
