ANALISIS DAYA SAING KAKAO INDONESIA

Yulianti, SP.,MP., Dr. Ir. Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, M.S.

2013 | Disertasi | S3 Ekonomi Pertanian

Konsep daya saing pada penelitian ini berpijak dari konsep keunggulan komparatif dan keunggulan kompetitif pada komoditi kakao, yang bertujuan menganalisis daya saing biji kakao ditinjau dari penggunaan sumberdaya domestik, dan menganalisis tingkat daya saing ekspor produk kakao Indonesia ditinjau dari perdagangan internasional serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi daya saing ekspor produk kakao Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode dasar deskriptif dan analitik. Data primer tahun 2010 untuk menjawab tujuan 1 dan data sekunder dari tahun 1991 sampai dengan 2010 digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan 2 dan tujuan 3. Data primer untuk menjawab tujuan 1 diperoleh dari Kabupaten Donggala Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah yang ditentukan secara sengaja (purposive). Berdasarkan pendekatan cluster Kecamatan Balaesang, Kecamatan Damsol dan kecamatan Banawa di jadikan lokasi pengambilan sampel responden. Dalam penentuan responden penelitian ditetapkan dengan pendekatan sensus (total sampling) kemudian petani dalam daerah penelitian digunakan teknik proporsional random sampling yang mempertimbangkan jumlah petani yang ada di daerah penelitian. Hasil penelitian, 1). Daya saing usahatani biji kakao ditinjau dari penggunaan sumber daya domestik di daerah penelitian: (a). secara finansial dan ekonomi memiliki keunggulan kompetitif dan keunggulan komparatif. (b). kebijakan pemerintah yaitu, subsidi memberikan dampak yang menguntungkan bagi petani kakao, karena petani kakao menerima subsidi input dan proteksi output yang berdampak pada peningkatan surplus petani kakao, 2). Daya saing ekspor produk kakao Indonesia di tinjau dari perdagangan internasional menunjukkan bahwa: (a) biji kakao, pasta kakao, lemak kakao dan bubuk kakao memiliki keunggulan komparatif, (b) ekspor Indonesia didominasi oleh biji kakao dan lemak kakao, dan (c) untuk biji kakao Indonesia memiliki pangsa ekspor yang kuat atau dapat merebut pasar ekspor, sedangkan untuk pasta kakao, lemak kakao dan bubuk kakao belum mampu merebut pasar ekspor karena trend ekspor hampir sama dengan trend impor, namun berpeluang merebut pasar ekspor jika laju pertumbuhan ekspor terus ditingkatkan, 3). (a). Daya saing biji kakao Indonesia dipengaruhi positif oleh harga domestik biji kakao, harga internasional biji kakao, nilai tukar Ringgit Malaysia, nilai tukar US Dollar Singapura, namun dipengaruhi negatif oleh nilai tukar Rupiah, (b). Daya saing pasta kakao Indonesia dipengaruhi positif oleh harga domestik pasta kakao, dan dipengaruhi negatif oleh nilai tukar New Zelland, (c). Nilai tukar Rupiah berpengaruh positif terhadap daya saing lemak kakao Indonesia, (d). Harga domestik bubuk kakao berpengaruh positif terhadap daya saing bubuk kakao Indonesia.

The study of competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa was based on comparative and competitive advantages of cacao production and the study aimed at analyzing the competitiveness of the cacao counted by domestic resource use and the export competitiveness level of Indonesian cocoa product from the point of view of internatioanl trade and the underlying factors of the export competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa product. This research was conducted using basic descriptive and analytic method. Primary data of 2010 was used to meet the first objective and the secondary data of 1991 to 2010 was used to meet the second and third objectives. The primary data was obtained from Donggala district of Central Sulawesi province and drawn using purposive sampling. Based on cluster approach, Balaesang, Damsol and Banawa subdistricts were determined as the locations of the sampling of respondents. The respondents were selected using proportional random sampling considering the cocoa plantation as the main production of the farmers. The results of the study showed that 1) The domestic resource cost analysis showed a high competitiveness of the farmers of cocoa, especially on: (a) financially and economically they have competitive and comparative advantaged, (b) government policy, which was subsidy had beneficial impact on the farmers because they got the subsidy of input and the protection of output that subsequently resulted in the surplus for them; 2) The export competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa in international trade show that: (a) cocoa beans, cocoa pasta, cocoa fat and cocoa powder had comparative advantage, (b) Indonesian export was dominated by cocoa beans and cocoa fat, and (c) the market share of Indonesian cocoa was strong and able to seize export market, while the cocoa pasta, the cocoa fat and the cocoa powder have not been able to seize export market because of the export trend similar to the import one, but they had high opportunity to seize the export market if the export growth rate continued to increase, 3). (a) The competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans was positively influenced by the domestic price of the cocoa beans, the international price of the cocoa benas, the exchange rate of Malay Ringgit, the exchange rate of Singapore Dollar, but it was negatively influenced by the exchange rate of Rupiah, (b). The competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa pasta was positively influenced by the domestice price of the cocoa pasta and negatively influenced by the exchange rate of New Zelland currency, (c). The exchangre rate of Rupiah had potive impace on the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa fat, and (d). The domestic price of the cocoa powder had positive impact on the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa.

Kata Kunci : Daya saing, Biji Kakao, Pasta Kakao, Lemak Kakao, Bubuk Kakao