OPTIMASI USAHATANI BERKELANJUTAN BERBASIS CROP LIVESTOCK SYSTEM DAN KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI DI LAHAN PASANG SURUT KALIMANTAN BARAT

AKHMAD MUSYAFAK,SP,MP, Prof. Dr. Ir. Irham, MSc,

2013 | Disertasi | S3 Ekonomi Pertanian

Usahatani berkelanjutan dapat dilakukan melalui pendekatan sistem integrasi tanaman dan ternak. Penerapan sistem integrasi tanaman dan ternak akan diperoleh diversifikasi produk pangan, efisiensi usahatani, peningkatan pendapatan petani, dan ketahanan pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (a) menganalisis tingkat penerapan pertanian berkelanjutan di lahan pasang surut serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, (b) Menganalisis derajat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga tani di lahan pasang surut dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, (c) menganalisis optimasi usahatani di berbagai tipologi dan tipe luapan lahan berorientasi pada pertanian berkelanjutan, dan ketahanan pangan berbasis integrasi tanaman dan ternak, (d) menganalisis sensitifitas perubahan harga input, harga output, harga pangan, dan penggunaan sumberdaya, (e) menganalisis simulasi perubahan harga input, harga output, dan harga pangan terhadap model optimal, (f) menganalisis simulasi perbaikan teknologi dan peningkatan skala usaha ternak terhadap model optimal. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. data primer dikumpulkan dari petani sampel, sedangkan data sekunder dikumpulkan dari instansi terkait. Sampel petani dipilih dengan menggunakan stratified random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan ordinary least square, ordinal logit, dan linear programming. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tingkat penerapan pertanian berkelanjutan di Kalimantan Barat masuk dalam kategori cukup berkelanjutan. Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat pertanian berkelanjutan adalah pupuk organik, herbisida, pendapatan, pendidikan, dan etnis (jawa, madura). Berdasarkan indikator persediaan pangan, stabilitas pangan, aksesibilitas pangan, dan kontinyuitas ketersediaan pangan dapat diketahui bahwa di Kalimantan Barat terdapat 14% rumah tangga tidak tahan pangan, 37,35% kurang tahan pangan, dan 48,65% tahan pangan. Sedangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah lahan, harga benih, dan harga Urea. Pendapatan rumah tangga dapat ditingkatkan melalui optimasi usahatani. Kenaikan harga input, harga output, dan harga pangan hingga 30% di Kabupaten Kubu Raya tidak merubah solusi optimal, sedangkan penurunan harga output lebih dari 20% akan merubah solusi optimal dan pendapatan rumah tangga menjadi defisit. Kenaikan harga input, harga output, dan harga pangan hingga 30% di Kabupaten Pontianak tidak merubah solusi optimal, sedangkan penurunan harga output lebih dari 10% merubah solusi optimal dan pendapatan rumah tangga menjadi defisit. Penggunaan teknologi anjuran dan peningkatan skala ternak menjadi 2 ekor/KK akan dicapai keadaan pertanian berkelanjutan dan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga.

Sustainable farming systems can be implemented through the crops livestock system (CLS). Implementation of this system will be achieved diversification of food products, farming efficiency, increase farmers' incomes, and food security. The objectives of the research were as follows: (a) to analyze the level of implementation of a sustainable agriculture in swamp area and the factors that influence it, (b) to analyze the degree of household food security in the swamp area and the factors that influence it, (c) to analyze optimization of farming in various both land typologies and overflow types respect to sustainable agriculture and food security based on crops livestock system (CLS), (d) to analyze the sensitivity of changes in input prices, output prices, food prices, and the use of resources, (e) to simulate changes in input prices, output prices, and food prices, to optimal models, (f) to simulate technology improvements and increased livestock scale to optimal models. The data required in this study is primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected from the sample of farmers, while secondary data were collected from related institutions. The samples were selected using stratified random sampling. The data were analyzed using ordinary least squares, ordinal logit, and linear programming. The results of the research showed that (a) the level of implementation of sustainable agriculture in swamp area in West Kalimantan classified as sustainable enough. The factors that influence the level of sustainable agriculture were organic fertilizer, herbicides, household income, education, and ethnic (Javanese, Madurese). (b) Based on the indicators of food availability, food stability, food accessibility, food availability and continuity can be seen that there are 14% of households classified as food insecure, 37.35% of households classified as relatively less food, and 48.65% of households classified as food secure. The factors that influence to food security were land, seed prices, and the price of Urea. (c) Household income can be improved through optimization of farming. (d) The increase in input prices, output prices, and food prices were up to 30% in Kubu Raya Regency does not change the optimal solution, while the declines of output price more than 20% will change the optimal solution and household income into deficit. (g) The increase in input prices, output prices, and food prices were up to 30% in Pontianak Regency does not change the optimal solution, the declines of output price more than 10% will change the optimal solution and household income into deficit. (h) The use of recommendation technology and increased livestock scales up to 2 tail/household will achieve a state of sustainable agriculture and household food security.

Kata Kunci : Pertanian berkelanjutan, pasang surut, ketahanan pangan, integrasi.