HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD STRATEGY IN FISH CATCH FLUCTUATION: SMALL SCALE FISHER HOUSEHOLDS IN BANDAR LAMPUNG, LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

Tri Atmaningsih, Prof. Dr. R. Rijanta, M.Sc

2013 | Tesis | S2 Magist.Prnc.Kota & Daerah

Sumber daya laut sangat penting bagi kehidupan rumah tangga nelayan kecil karena merupakan sumber utama pendapatan mereka. Akhir-akhir ini, sumber daya laut berfluktuasi dan cenderung menurun dikarenakan adanya penurunan pada ekosistem laut karena eksploitasi yang berlebihan, polusi dan perubahan iklim Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi tangkapan ikan yang berfluktuasi terhadap penghidupan rumah tangga nelayan skala kecil dan strategi yang diadopsi untuk menghadapi kondisi tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan di desa Sukamaju, Bandar Lampung, lampung, Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif eksplanatori. Limabelas rumah tangga nelayan dipilih secara snow ball dan diwawancarasecara semi terstruktur. Kondisi tangkapan yang berfluktuasi berpengaruh kuat pada aset keuangan dan sosial. Kurangnya penghasilan membuat rumah tangga menggunakan jaringan sosialnya sebagai jalan keluar,misalnya dengan meminjam atau mendapat kiriman uang dari keluarga. Fluktuasi hasil tangkapan tidak terlalu berpengaruh pada aset fisik, manusia, dan alam. Strategi yang dilakukan pada saat tangkapan rendah adalah adaptasi dan akumulasi. Strategi adaptasi lebih banyak diadopsi rumah tangga dengan element diversifikasi. Intensifikasi dan ektensifikasi lebih banyak dilakukan pada strategi akumulasi. Peran perempuan sangat penting dalam element diversifikasi sumber penghasilan. Intensifikasi dilakukan dengan dua cara meminjam dan menyimpan. Pengaruh kedua strategi adalah positif, tidak mengurangi aset.Meminjam pada strategi akumulasi walaupun lebih cepat tetapi lebih beresiko dibanding menyimpan. Memberdayakan wanita dan memberikan ketrampilan di luar menangkap ikan sangat penting untuk meningkatkan, kemampuan keuangan rumah tangga.

The marine resources are important for small scale fisher household livelihood as their main income source. It also provides 20% protein intake and employment source for million people and contributes for global business export. Recently, marine resources have fluctuated and tend to decline because a degradation in marine ecosystem caused by overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. The study was conducted to identifythe impact of fish catch fluctuation particularly in low catchto small scale fisher households livelihood, and strategy they adopted to deal with and to achieve a better living. The study took at Sukamaju, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesiaas the largest coastal village in Bandar Lampung. This study used qualitative explanatory method.Fifteen small scale fisher households were chosen through snow ball technique and interviewed through semi structure interview. Qualitative data analyzed through text analysis. Fish catch fluctuation have strong impact to financial capital and social capital Fluctuated income forces the households to save income in high catch season. Insufficient income and saving leads people to use their social network through borrowing and remittance.The role of local government by providing infrastructure and facilities, strong social capital within community and family, and supported by other natural capital except can minimize the impact of catch fluctuation on small scale fisher households. Strategies are adopted by households in low catch is adaptive and accumulative strategy. Adaptive strategy is most strategy adopted by households as their livelihood strategy in low catch. Strategies adoptedare taken with some elements. Diversification income source and fish target is most important element in adaptive strategy. Intensification by having motor boat and extensification through fishing farther are most important element in accumulative strategy. Borrowing and saving are two ways taken by households to have boat as a key asset in fishing. Adaptive and accumulative strategy gives positive effect to livelihood of small scale fisher household. Adaptive strategy is to sustain the asset, while accumulative strategy is to improve the assets. Borrowing used to be productive capital is faster but more risky than saving. Empowering women and giving skills beyond fishing to small scale fisher households are important to improve household financial capacity to deal with a depletion income in low catch season.

Kata Kunci : Accumulative strategy, adaptive strategy, fish catch fluctuation, livelihood strategy, productive asset, role of woman, small scale fisher household.