TATA PERMUKIMAN BERBASIS PUNDÈN DESA KAPENCAR, LERENG GUNUNG SINDORO, KABUPATEN WONOSOBO

VG. Sri Rejeki, Ir.,MT., Prof.Ir. Nindyo Soewarno,M.Phil.,Ph.D.

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Teknik Arsitektur

Permukiman Desa Kapencar terletak antara Gunung Sindoro dan gunung Sumbing, tepatnya di lereng gunung Sindoro. Desa ini sudah ada sejak sebelum masa perang Diponegoro. Sebagai permukiman kuno di lereng gunung, Desa Kapencar masih memiliki beberapa tradisi dan patokan Jawa yang berlangsung sampai sekarang. Beberapa artefak cukup unik di Desa Kapencar adalah beberapa pundèn. Disertasi ini mengkaji secara mendalam tentang tata permukiman, termasuk makna pundèn pada tatanan keruangan di Desa Kapencar, dengan metode penelitian fenomenologi. Penelitian Fenomenologi dengan alat utama peneliti sendiri, ditempuh untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian tentang makna pundèn dalam tata keruangan permukiman. Langkah yang ditempuh dalam penelitian diawali dari tahap grandtour, yaitu langkah untuk memperoleh fokus penelitian tentang keberadaan pundèn terhadap tata keruangan. Langkah berikutnya adalah penelitian mendalam tentang segala hal yang menyangkut tentang beberapa fenomena yang berlangsung maupun tata keruangan yang terbentuk, termasuk keberadaan pundèn/ “pundèn” di dalamnya. Informan ditentukan secara bergulir berdasarkan masukan dari informan sebelumnya, sesuai dengan kebutuhan tiap kasus. Langkah ketiga adalah analisis induksi, dilakukan baik pada waktu penggalian data di lapangan maupun di luar lapangan secara menerus. Proses analisis induksi dalam fenomenologi Husserl dilakukan sampai mencapai titik jenuh. Dari informasi lapangan terdapat unit informasi dari masa bubak dusun, masa riyen dan masa sakniki. Tahap berikutnya dari unit informasi dilakukan tahap induksi sehingga didapat 14 tema, dan tahap induksi selanjutnya diperoleh empat konsep. Tahap terakhir dari empat konsep diinduksikan menjadi satu konsep konstruktif. Temuan penelitian Disertasi adalah: falsafah pangayoman merupakan spirit hidup masyarakat di Desa Kapencar, dan pundèn memiliki makna sebagai simbol keberadaan falsafah pangayoman. Falsafah pangayoman, disimbolkan oleh pundèn, tersusun dari empat konsep, yaitu konsep papan berbasis rasa aman, konsep papan berbasis jaminan gesang di alam lereng gunung, konsep papan berbasis kéblat ganda dan konsep papan berbasis hubungan brayan. Dalam falsafah pangayoman ini nilai pundèn sangat penting. Pundèn/ “pundèn” merupakan ungkapan simbolik falsafah pangayoman berupa pengikat keruangan, pengendali sikap masyarakat dan simbol penghormatan secara lahir dan batin. Dalam kasanah keilmuan, falsafah pangayoman dan nilai pundèn termasuk dalam konsep dasar tentang teori permukiman tradisional yang berpijak terhadap kearifan lokal jawa. Teori kearifan lokal Jawa yang terkait antara lain menyangkut falsafah manunggaling kawulo–Gusti, falsafah Sangkan Paraning dumadi. Beberapa falsafah tersebut selama ini merupakan teori sosial, tetapi dalam disertasi ini dinyatakan sebagai konsep keruangan. Selain itu disertasi ini mengungkapkan tentang keberlangsungan patokan Jawa tentang pantang wétan sebagai ekspresi falsafah kéblat papat kalimo pancer; serta posisi makam sesuai patokan Jawa tentang posisi Dhanyang Desa.

Kapencar Settlement is situated between Mount Sindoro and Mount Sumbing, precisely on the slopes of Sindoro. This village had existed prior to the Diponegoro war. As an ancient settlement on the slopes, Kapencar Village upholds some Javanese traditions and principles until nowdays. Some of the unique artifacts in Kapencar Village are pundèns. This dissertation studied in depth the settlement system, including the meaning of pundèn on spatial setting in Kapencar village, using the research method of phenomenology. The Phenomenology research with the researcher as its primary instrument, was conducted to answer the research question about the meaning of pundèn in the spatial setting of settlements. The research have three steps. Its was started with grandtour stage; to obtain the research focus on the pundèns existence on spatial setting. The second step was in-depth study on all matters relating to several phenomena taking place as well as the spatial setting formed, including the presence of pundèn/ “pundèn”. Informants were determined on using snowballing technigue based on iformation from the previous informant, as needed for each case. The third step was the inductive analysis, both at the time of exploring the data in the field and afterward continuously. The process of induction analysis refers to Husserl's phenomenology, it was carried out until reaching a saturation point. There were information unit at the period of bubak dusun ( the beginning of village), riyen (the past), and sakniki (nowdays). The next induction phase was carried out in order to get 14 themes, and from the subsequent induction phase it was obtained four concepts. The last stage of the four concepts was induced into one constructive concept. The findings of this dissertation research are: the philosophy of Pangayoman is the spirit of life on Kapencar Village and pundèns have the meaning as a symbolic expression of pangayoman philosophy. Pangayoman philosophy, in relation to pundèns, consists of four concepts; the concept of papan based on the sense of aman (secure), the concept of papan based on the assurance of gesang (live) on the slope of mountain, the concept of papan based on kéblat ganda (double of orentation), and the concept of papan based on brayan (brotherhood) relationship. In this pangayoman philosophy, pundèns has a very important. This pundèns serves as the basis of settlement system, includes spatial setting. It serves as spatial binding, controlling the attitude of the community and a symbol of respect physically and spiritually. In science, pangayoman philosophy and pundèns values are included in the basic concepts of the traditional settlements theory which rest upon Javanese local wisdom. The related theory of Javanese local wisdom are the philosophy of manunggaling kawulo-Gusti and the philosophy of Sangkan Paraning dumadi. These concepts so far have been the philosophy of social theory, whereas in this dissertation it is expressed as a spatial concept. Besides, this dissertation also confirms that implementation of patokan Jawa (Javanese principles) on pantang wétan as an expression of the philosophy of kéblat papat kalima pancer; and the position of the tomb according to patokan Jawa on the position of the Dhanyang of Village.

Kata Kunci : pundèn, falsafah pangayoman, permukiman desa lereng gunung