BIOAKUMULASI MERKURI DAN STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS GASTROPODA DI KAWASAN BEKAS PENGGELONDONGAN EMAS TRADISIONAL, MUARA SUNGAI LAMPON, BANYUWANGI, JAWA TIMUR

SUSINTOWATI, Dr. Suwarno Hadisusanto

2012 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Penggelondongan emas tradisional di Lampon menggunakan metode amalgamasi langsung. Tailing yang dibuang ke perairan dapat menimbulkan pencemaran merkuri. Konsentrasi merkuri ditelusuri pada sedimen dan dalam tubuh Gastropoda di kawasan pertambangan. Walaupun penggelondongan telah terhenti, dampak pencemaran merkuri dapat ditelusuri. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui konsentrasi merkuri di dalam sedimen, mengetahui bioakumulasi merkuri dalam bagian lunak tubuh Gastropoda, mengetahui struktur mikro hepatopankreas Gastropoda dan mengetahui struktur komunitas Gastropoda di kawasan bekas penggelondongan emas tradisional Lampon. Lokasi penelitian secara administratif terletak di Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Waktu penelitian mulai Agustus 2011 sampai Mei 2012. Metoda pengambilan data secara purposive random sampling pada 3 site. Analisis merkuri menggunakan metoda SNI 06-6992.2-2004 dan dibaca dengan Mercury Analyser di LPPT UGM. Preparasi struktur mikroskopis kelenjar Nerita argus dan Terebralia sulcata menggunakan metode parafin dan pewarnaan Hematoksilin Ehrlich’s dan Eosin. Akumulasi merkuri dalam tailing 137,54 ppm, sedimen site I 0,45 ppm, site II 65,52 ppm, site III 1,17 ppm sedangkan timbunan tailing yang tersisa setelah tambang ditutup 634,19 ppm. Bioakumulasi dalam Terebralia sulcata site I hingga 3,10 ppm, Nerita argus 3,03 ppm dan Patella intermedia 0,44 ppm. Vesikula residu banyak ditemukan pada struktur hepatopankreas Terebralia sulcata site I sebagai tanda tingginya proses detoksifikasi merkuri. Vesikula residu diduga berisi inklusi pemadatan elektron dan metalotionin sebagai dampak detoksifikasi ion merkuri dalam hepatopankreas. Tubulus hepatopankreas Nerita argus mengalami disintergrasi dan atropi yang sangat parah. Pola penyebaran Gastropoda yang mengelompok, diduga sebagai respon terhadap faktor eksternal termasuk pencemaran merkuri dan sumber makanan. Indeks keanekaragaman rendah, dengan didominasi oleh satu spesies pada tiap-tiap site. Nerita argus merupakan salah satu spesies yang mendominasi. Walaupun terdeteksi mengakumulasi merkuri cukup tinggi dan struktur hepatopankreas mengalami disintergrasi dan atropi sangat parah, Nerita argus tetap eksis di kawasan penggelondongan Lampon. Penggelondongan emas di Lampon berskala kecil dan telah ditutup, efek patologis pencemaran merkuri terhadap biota akuatik terutama Gastropoda sangat signifikan.

Tradistional gold mining at Lampon Banyuwangi district was used mercury amalgamation. Tailings are discharged to waters, that caused mercury pollution. Mercury accumulation can be trace in sediments and benthic organisms such as Gastropods. Although the gold mining has been ceased, the impact of mercury pollution can be traced. This research were aimed to determine the mercury concentration in sediments, determine mercury bioaccumulation in Gastropod’s soft body part, to understand the Gastropods hepatopancreas structure and to understand the community structure in former traditional gold mining Lampon estuary, Banyuwangi. Study site administratively located at Banyuwangi district East Java. The research began in August 2011 until May 2012. The methods of data collection is purpossive random sampling at 3 sites. Mercury analysis using SNI 06.6992.2-2004 methods and than reads by Mercury Analyzer at LPPT UGM Yogyakarta. Hepatopancreas structure of Terebralia sulcata and Nerita argus was preparating with paraffin methods and Hematoxilin Ehrlich’s-Eosin staining method. Accumulation of mercury in the tailings about 137.54 ppm, in sedimens of site I to 0.45 ppm, in sedimens of site II to 65.52 ppm, 1.17 ppm in sediments of site III and in the tailing piles remainings after the mining ceased to 634.19 ppm. Bioaccumulation in Terebralia sulcata 3.10 ppm, Nerita argus to 3.03 ppm and in Patella intermedia 0.44 ppm. The values of mercury accumulation are very high at all. Residual vesicles are found in hepatopancreas of Terebralia sulcata at site I. The residual vesicles are the sign of mercury detoxification proccess. Vesicles are thougt contain inclutions of residual electrons and methallothionine compaction as a result of mercury ions detoxification by hepatopancreas cells. The hepatopancreas tubulus of Nerita argus undergo disintegration and severe athropy. Clumped patterns of the Gastropods distribution are thought to allegedly in response to external factors including mercury pollution and the other resources. The diversity index were in low value, its mean domination by a single species at each site. Nerita argus is the once of the dominating species. Although the accumulation of mercury is high enough and disintegrated hepatopancreas experienced, severe athropy, Nerita argus still exist in this mining region. The gold mining at Lampon is the small gold mining and has been ceased but the pathological effects of mercury pollution on aquatic organisms, espesially Gastropods is very significant.

Kata Kunci : bioakumulasi, merkuri, tambang emas, Gastropoda, struktur hepatopankreas