ADAPTASI STRUKTURAL DAN FUNGSIONAL Amyda cartilaginea (BODDAERT, 1770) DAN Cuora amboinensis (DAUDIN, 1802) TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN AKUATIK

Luthfi Nurhidayat, Prof. Dr. Nyoman Puniawati Soesilo, S.U.

2012 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Amyda cartilaginea dan Cuora amboinensis merupakan kura-kura akuatik tawar di Indonesia yang memiliki kesamaan habitat akan tetapi berbeda dalam hal struktur cangkang dan intensitas aktifitas di daratan. Penelitian tentang karakteristik biologis A.cartilaginea dan C. amboinensis, terutama mempelajari adaptasi struktural dan fungsional terhadap lingkungan akuatik, sangat perlu dilakukan agar konsep konservasi kura-kura dapat dibuat secara detail dengan mempertimbangkan segala aspek yang berkenaan dengan individu kura-kura itu sendiri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari adaptasi struktural dan fungsional A.cartilaginea dan C. amboinensis terhadap lingkungan akuatik yang meliputi adaptasi pernafasan, termal dan pergerakan di dalam air. Spesimen diaklimasi kemudian konsumsi oksigen diukur pada suhu 220C, 260C, dan 330C menggunakan respirometer manometri yang dimodifikasi. Pengamatan pergerakan dilakukan menggunakan akuarium dan direkam dengan camcorder. Sampel darah spesimen diambil melalui vena subcarapace. Jumlah eritrosit dihitung menggunakan haemocytometer dengan modifikasi pewarnaan Natt & Herrick. Kadar hemoglobin diukur dengan metode kolorimetri menggunakan haemometer Sahli. Preparat apus darah dibuat menggunakan metode apus pewarnaan Giemsa. Data morfometri eritrosit diperoleh menggunakan mikrometer okuler mikroskop. Spesimen dikorbankan kemudian dibedah. Volume paru-paru diukur secara langsung dengan injeksi garam fisiologis kedalam lumen paru-paru. Sediaan mikroanatomi saluran pernafasan (trachea, bronchus dan paruparu) dan organ pendukung pernafasan (kloaka dan kulit) dibuat menggunakan Metode Parafin Pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adaptasi pernafasan A. cartilaginea berpotensi untuk dilakukannya strategi penyimpanan oksigen di dalam darah sedangkan adaptasi pernafasan C. amboinensis berpotensi untuk dilakukannya strategi penyimpanan oksigen di dalam paru-paru. Adaptasi termal (termoregulasi) pada A. cartilaginea berupa perubahan laju metabolisme yang berbanding lurus terhadap perubahan suhu sedangkan pada C. amboinensis berupa peningkatan laju metabolisme pada suhu yang rendah. Adaptasi pergerakan A. cartilaginea lebih sesuai pada lingkungan akuatik daripada adaptasi pergerakan C. amboinensis

Amyda cartilaginea and Cuora amboinensis are Indonesian freshwater turtles which have the same habitat but differ in terms of shell structure and intensities on land. Studies on their biological characteristics, especially studying the structural and functional adaptation to the aquatic environment, are need to be done to make a detail concept of turtles conservation by considering all aspects about them. This research aimed to observe structural and functional adaptation of A. cartilaginea and C. amboinensis to the aquatic environment, including respiratory, thermal, and locomotory adaptation in the water. Spesimens were acclimated and their oxygen consumptions were measured at 220C, 260C, and 330C using a modified manometric respirometer. Locomotory observations were carried out in the aquarium and were recorded with a camcorder. Blood samples were collected from subcarapacial vein. Total erythrocyte counts were obtained using haemocytometer combined with Natt & Herrick staining. The hemoglobin level was measured by colorimetric method using Sahli’s Haemometer. Blood smear preparations were made using Giemsa staining procedure. The sizes of erythrocytes and their nuclei were measured using an ocular micrometer. Specimens were sacrificed and dissected. Lungs volume were measured directly by injection of physiological saline into lungs lumen. Microanatomy tissue preparation of respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, and lung) and respiratory supporting organ (cloaca and skin) were done by using Paraffin Method and Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining procedure. The results showed that respiratory adaptation of A. cartilaginea potentially used blood as oxygen storage while respiratory adaptation of C. amboinensis potentially used lungs. Thermal adaptation of A.cartilaginea had changes in metabolic rate accordanced to temperature changes. Thermal adaptation of C. amboinensis had an increase in metabolic rate at low temperature. Locomotory adaptation of A. cartilaginea was more appropriate in the aquatic environment compared to locomotory adaptation of C. amboinensis.

Kata Kunci : Adaptasi, Lingkungan Akuatik, Amyda cartilaginea dan Cuora amboinensis