PERAN DUKUNGAN SOSIAL, KOPING RELIGIUS-ISLAMI DAN STRES TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN PASCA TRAUMA (POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH) PADA PENYINTAS GEMPA YANG MENGALAMI CACAT FISIK

Siti Urbayatun, S.Psi., Prof. Dr. M. Noor Rochman Hadjam

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Psikologi

Pada 27 Mei 2006 gempa bumi melanda wilayah Bantul, Yogyakarta dan menyisakan masalah yang belum terselesaikan hingga saat ini. Bencana tidak hanya menyebabkan kehilangan jiwa dan materi tetapi juga menyebabkan kehilangan pekerjaan dan atau kecacatan fisik yang mengganggu produktifitas masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pertumbuhan pasca trauma pada penyintas gempa yang mengalami cacat fisik, melalui model moderasi dukungan sosial, stress buffering model, dan peran mediasi koping religius-islami. Penelitian ini juga menguji peran kemandirian subyek dalam melakukan aktifitas hidup sehari-hari, peran variabel demografis terhadap PPT dan mengetahui dinamika psikologis subyek dalam mengatasi masalahnya. Metode penelitian menggunakan mixed method atau metode kombinasi antara metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dominant-less dominant design (QUAN+qual), yakni metode kualitatif digunakan sebagai metode pendukung metode kuantitatif. Subyek penelitian adalah penyandang cacat yang (N=263; Laki-laki= 105; Perempuan=158). Parameters yang digunakan untuk menguji ketepatan model adalah chi square, signifikansi probabilitas, GFI, dan RMSEA. AIC (Akaike’s Information Criterion) digunakan untuk membandingkan antar model. Lima skala yang digunakan adalah skala stres, skala koping religiusislami, skala dukungan sosial, skala kemandirian ADL dan skala pertumbuhan pasca trauma serta angket untuk mengetahui demografis subyek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model dukungan sosial menjadi moderator antara stres dengan koping religius-islami lebih baik daripada model bahwa dukungan sosial menjadi moderator antara stres dengan PPT atau menjadi moderator hubungan dua jalur sekaligus, yakni antara stres dengan koping religius-islami dan antara koping religius-islami dengan PPT. Penelitian ini juga menemukan model PPT spesifik yang fit, yakni model interaksi antara stres penghasilan dengan dukungan aktivitas, model interaksi antara stres penghasilan dengan dukungan sarana, dan model interaksi antara stres mobilitas dengan dukungan aktivitas. Ditemukan adanya peran usia, pendidikan, lama perkawinan dan keparahan terhadap PPT namun tidak nampak peran gender, pekerjaan, penghasilan dan status perkawinan terhadap PPT. Melalui analisis kualitatif ditemukan bahwa pada penyintas gempa yang mengalami cacat fisik hal yang berpengaruh positif terhadap PPT adalah melakukan strategi penyelesaian masalah dengan menerima kecacatan sebagai takdir. Dukungan dari sesama penderita cacat atau bertukar pikiran dengan teman-teman, beraktifitas di dalam maupun di luar rumah juga dapat membantu pertumbuhannya. Adapun subyek yang menghadapi masalah dengan berdiam diri, tergantung dan menunjukkan perasaan negatif maka cenderung mempunyai pertumbuhan pasca trauma yang rendah

On May 27 th 2006 many people death and injured caused by earthquake that occurred in the area of Bantul, Yogyakarta, left some unsolved problems to date. The disaster not only cause life and material lost but also job loss and/or various physical disabilities which in turn interfered with people productivity. This research aimed to study posttraumatic growth of earthquake survivors who become physically disabled through a social support moderation model, stress buffering model, and the role of coping as a mediating variable. This study also aimed to understand the role of subject’s independency and demographic variable on PTG and subject’s psychological dynamics in dealing with stressors. This study used combined approach, dominant-less dominant design (QUAN+qual), where qualitative method may be used to supplement data gathered through quantitative method. Participants of this study were people with physical disabilities (N=263: Men=105, Woman=158). The parameters used to test the model fitness were indices of chi square, significance probability, GFI, and RMSEA. AIC (Akaike’s Information Criterion) coefficients were used to compare between models. Five scales used in this study:The social support scale, stress scale, islamic-religious coping scale, independence/ADL performance scale and Modifified of PTGI (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory) and also demographic questionnaire. This study found that social support which served as a buffer (moderator) of the relationship between stress and coping was better than its moderating role on the relationship between stress and PTG and better than on its moderating role both paths of relationships, i.e. between stress and coping and between coping and PTG. This study’s findings give support that social support is the precursor to posttraumatic growth by influencing Islamic religious coping behavior. The study found three best interactions between types of stress and types of social supports: (1) activity support could cope with income-related stress so that it increased individual’s growth; (2) facility support could cope with income-related stress so that it increased individual’s growth; and (3) activity support could cope with mobility-related stress so that it increased individual’s growth. This study also found an effect of independency as a moderator of individual coping which in turn will increase PTG and found the role of age, education, severity of disabilities, marriage length on PTG but there were no roles of gender, income, marital status, and employment on PTG. It was found through qualitative analysis that earthquake survivors who accept physical disabilities as a fate, receive supports from fellow disabled people and doing activities inside and outside home would promote their personal growth. The posttraumatic growth of subjects with lower activity, more dependent, shows negative feeling was low.

Kata Kunci : posttraumatic growth, social support, islamic-religious coping, stress, physical disability