PERAN STRATEGIS KEPEMIMPINAN SIPIL DALAM PEMERINTAHAN SEMI-PRESIDENSIAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN SEKTOR KEAMANAN NASIONAL (Studi di Timor Leste)
ISMAEL DA COSTA BABO, Dr. Armady Armawi, M.Si.
2012 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan NasionalSejak Timor Leste merdeka dari Indonesia, kondisi keamanan nasional di Timor Leste terancam berbagai krisis akibat pergolakan politik antar elit politik. Proses pelembagaan politik sebagai negara baru mulai berjalan. Di awal dekade 2000-an, kekuatan militer masih dominan, sementara lembaga kepolisian belum terbentuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui peran strategis kepemimpinan sipil dalam pemerintahan semi-presidensial dan implikasinya pada pembangunan keamanan nasional Timor Leste. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh melalui observasi dan wawancara, dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui dokumentasi/kepustakaan. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan sipil dalam sistem pemerintahan semi-presidensial di Timor Leste memiliki peran strategis dalam menjalankan reformasi terhadap F-FDTL sebagai institusi militer maupun PNTL sebagai institusi kepolisian yang modern dan profesional. Kepemimpinan sipil Presiden Xanana Gusmao dan Perdana Menteri Mari Alkatiri (2002-2006) telah menyebabkan konflik elit politik sipil sebelum maupun setelah Krisis Militer 2006. Sementara itu, kepemimpinan sipil Presiden Ramos Horta dan Perdana Menteri Xanana Gusmao (2007-2012) menyebabkan pelemahan institusi PNTL akibat pengangkatan komandan sipil dalam lingkungan Sekretaris Negara urusan keamanan. Pelaksanaan peran strategis dari kepemimpinan sipil ini menghadapi dua kendala utama, yaitu terbatasnya anggaran yang diberikan kepada institusi PNTL yang dikelola Sekretaris Negara urusan keamanan, dan terbatasnya saranaprasarana pelaksanaan tugas PNTL. Sementara itu, pelaksanaan peran strategis kepemimpinan sipil tersebut menimbulkan dampak struktural, yaitu rendahnya kedisiplinan anggota PNTL, lemahnya koordinasi vertikal di sektor keamanan, dan tendensi diskriminasi dalam promosi kepangkatan dalam tubuh PNTL. Selain itu, pembangunan sektor keamanan nasional Timor Leste terhambat karena masih luas dan kuatnya pengaruh jaringan politik informal perdana menteri terhadap promosi kepangkatan dan pelaksanaan tugas sektor keamanan dalam tubuh PNTL, yang membuat reformasi PNTL sebagai institusi modern menjadi tidak optimal, dan menyebabkan sektor keamanan nasional melemah dan rentan mengalami konflik politik struktural di antara militer dan PNTL akibat pengaruh politik dari kepemimpinan sipil tersebut.
Since Timor Leste has actually restored its independence from Indonesia, the condition of national security in Timor Leste has not been detached from the various threats of crises resulted from the prolonged political turbulences among political elites. At the beginning of 2000-s, military power was dominant, while police institution has not been established yet. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to find out the strategic roles of civil leadership in a semi-presidentiil government system and its implication on the development of national security sector in Timor Leste. The study was conducted by using a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data used were primary data directly acquired through observation and interview, while secondary data were indirectly collected by using documentation/ literature technique. All the data collected were analyzed by using a descriptive qualitative technique. Based on result of the study, it can be concluded that civil leadership in semi-presidentiil government system has strategic roles in reforming F-FDTL as a modern military institution and PNTL as a modern police institution. The civil leadership under President Xanana Gusmao and Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri (2002-2006) caused severe political conflicts before and after the 2006 Military Crisis. Meanwhile, the civil leadership under President Ramos Horta and Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao (2007-2012) caused the weakening of PNTL as a police institution due to the appointment of civil commander in the State Secretary for security sector. In practice, there were at least two constraints in the performance of strategic roles by the civil leadership: (1) the limited allocation of budget in the State Secretary for national security (PNTL); and (2) the inadequacy of facilities for the performance of operational task by the members of PNTL. Finally, such civil leadership had structural impacts: (1) the low level of descipline among the members of PNTL; (2) the weakness of vertical coordination in security sector; and (3) a tendency toward discrimination in rank promotion in PNTL. In addition, development in national security sector of Timor Leste was constrained because the influence of the Prime Minister’s informal political network on promotion in rank and the performance of security sector-related tasks in the body of PNTL has still been wide and strong, in turn making the reformation of PNTL as a modern institution not optimal and causing security sector weakening and so vulnerable to undergo structural political conflicts between military and PNTL that are resulted from the political influence of such civil leadership
Kata Kunci : peran strategis, kepemimpinan sipil, sistem pemerintahan semipresidensial, sektor keamanan nasional
