MODEL KESEJAHTERAAN SUBJEKTIF REMAJA PENYINTAS BENCANA TSUNAMI ACEH 2004

Nefi Darmayanti, Dra.,M.Si., Prof. Dr. M. Noor Rochman Hadjam, SU., Psi

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Psikologi

Bencana tsunami telah melanda Banda Aceh tahun 2004, dan dampak dari bencana seringkali menimbulkan berbagai gangguan psikologis, seperti perasaan tertekan, kecewa, putus asa, hampa dan tak bermakna; namun tidak semua penyintas bencana akan mengalami gangguan psikologis. Masih banyak penyintas yang tetap bisa survival dan mampu mengembangkan potensi-potensi positif yang dimilikinya, sehingga mereka tetap bisa mencapai kepuasan dalam menjalani kehidupannya. Dari berbagai hasil penelitian para ahli, kesejahteraan subjektif di kalangan remaja berkorelasi positif dengan kesehatan fisik dan kondisi-kondisi psikologis tertentu, seperti : harga diri, optimisme, kemandirian dan aspek kepribadian lainnya. Di sisi lain, kesejahteraan subjektif di kalangan remaja berkorelasi negatif dengan perilaku kekerasan, kecemasan, depresi, dan gejala gangguan psikologis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menguji model kesejahteraan subjektif remaja penyintas bencana tsunami secara empiris, mendasarkan pada faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesejahteraan subjektif remaja. Mengacu pada teori “top-down” dan “bottom-up” maka dapat dirumuskan bahwa kesejahteraan subjektif individu ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal individu. Faktor internal mencakup nilai-nilai hidup dan kepribadian, seperti religiusitas, kepribadian tangguh, optimisme, dan harga diri; sedangkan faktor eksternalnya mencakup kondisi situasional dan lingkungan, yaitu dukungan sosial. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 209 remaja penyintas, berusia antara 15 – 18 tahun yang tinggal di Banda Aceh. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa model teoritis kesejahteraan subjektif remaja penyintas bencana tidak fit dengan data empirisnya. Religiusitas berpengaruh secara tidak langsung terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif remaja penyintas (r = 0.032), kepribadian tangguh berpengaruh secara tidak langsung terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif (r = 0.062), optimisme berpengaruh langsung terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif (r = 0.168), harga diri berpengaruh secara tidak langsung terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif (r = 0.075), dan dukungan sosial berpengaruh langsung dan tidak langsung terhadap kepuasan hidup (r = 0.726). Hasil penelitian ini juga menemukan tidak adanya perbedaan kesejahteraan subjektif ditinjau dari jenis kelamin dan usia remaja penyintas.

The tsunami that struck Banda Aceh in 2004, and impacts of this disaster had lead to various psychological disorders, such as depression, disappointment, hopelessness, emptiness and the feeling of meaningless. However, not all disaster survivors experience psychological problems. There are still many survivors who survive and develop their positive potential, to achieve satisfactions in their life. Life satisfaction is an important factor in every individual’s subjective well-being. Further, subjective well-being is a crucial matter for adolescent survivors, because they are in a period where developing identity and self-image are the most important things to do. Various research experts indicated that subjective well-being among adolescents is positively correlated to their physical health as well as to their psychological conditions, such as: self-esteem, optimism, independence and other aspects of personality. On the other hand, subjective well-being among adolescents is negatively correlated to violent behavior, anxiety, depression, and symptoms of psychological disorders. The purpose of this study was to test the model of subjective well-being of adolescent survivors after empirical tsunami disaster, based on several factors influencing adolescent subjective well-being. Referring to the theory of \"top-down\" and \"bottom-up\", it can be formulated that individual subjective well-being is determined by individual internal and external factors. Internal factors include the values of life and personality, such as religiosity, hardy personality, optimism, and self-esteem, while external factors include situational and environmental conditions, namely social supports. The subjects of this study were 209 adolescent survivors, aged between 15-18 years living in Banda Aceh. Data were collected by using questionnaire and scales methods. The study found that the theoretical model of subjective well-being from adolescent survivors of the disaster does not fit with the empirical data. However, after particular modifications, the theoretical model of subjective well-being from adolescent survivors of the disaster finally fit well with the empirical data. There are indirect effect of religiosity to subjective well-being of adolescent survivors (β = 0.032), indirect influence of hardy personality to subjective well-being (β = 0062), direct influence of optimism to subjective well-being (β = 0168), indirect effect of self-esteem to subjective well-being (β = 0075), while social supports influence directly and indirectly to subjective well-being (β = 0726). The results of this study also found that there are no differences in subjective well-being between the gender and between the age of adolescent survivors.

Kata Kunci : kesejahteraan subjektif, religiusitas, kepribadian tangguh, optimisme, harga diri, dukungan sosial dan remaja penyintas.