BUDIDAYA KOPI DI HUTAN DAN DINAMIKA PELAPISAN SOSIAL PETANI JAWA

Siti Zurinani, Dr. Pujo Semedi

2012 | Tesis | S2 Antropologi

Proses integrasi pertanian subsisten ke cash crop mengindikasikan pasar mempunyai pengaruh dalam kehidupan ekonomi petani. Keterlibatan petani dalam proses integrasi tersebut merupakan respon rasional untuk dapat menaikkan tingkat subsistensi melalui investasi ekonomi. Investasi ekonomi yang dimaksud dalam hal ini adalah peluang budidaya kopi di hutan yang dibuka oleh Perhutani sebagai realisasi program PHBM (Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat). Petani melihat keuntungan positif dari pengelolaan hasil pertanian dan komoditi komersial ini. Namun demikian, mode produksi baru tersebut memunculkan dinamika pelapisan sosial baru dalam masyarakat petani. Untuk itu dengan memandang budidaya kopi di hutan sebagai basis akumulasi kekayaan petani, maka penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengetahui dinamika pelapisan sosial petani Sawangan, Petungkriyono setelah terbukanya akses penanaman kopi di hutan. Hal tersebut dapat diketahui dengan metode observasi partisipasi yakni dengan cara hidup bersama dan terlibat dalam kehidupan sosial masyarakat. Sementara itu, juga dilakukan wawancara mendalam untuk lebih mempertajam data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian dan juga data sekunder dengan literatur yang terkait. Melalui penelitian ini dapat dilihat bahwa peluang penanaman kopi di hutan terbuka bagi setiap petani. Berbekal akses tersebut petani mulai aktif menanam kopi di hutan. Tujuannya adalah menguasakan struktur ekonomi rumah tangga. Tenaga kerja produktif menjadi faktor yang sangat berpengaruh dalam proses ini. Sementara itu, sumber uang tunai dari kopi dimanfaatkan secara berbeda antar rumah tangga petani. Ketimpangan tersebut membentuk jurang pelapisan sosial baru. Struktur lama yang mendasarkan diferensiasi penguasaan tanah mengalami perubahan pola dengan munculnya elit baru di Sawangan. Selain itu, aktivitas penanaman kopi ini menyiratkan aktualisasi sosial dan independensi laki-laki Sawangan. Di sisi lain, maraknya ekspansi penanaman kopi di hutan menimbulkan konsekuensi ekologis, sosial, gender, dan politis. Maka dari itu, diperlukan pengembangan sinergi seimbang antara masyarakat sekitar hutan dan Perhutani (negara) untuk menjaga hutan dan memanfaatkan hasil hutan secara bertanggungjawab.

The integrated process of subsistence agriculture to cash crop indicates that the market has influence the farmers’ economic life. The involvement of farmers in the integration process is a rational response which is be able to increase level of subsistence through economic investment. Economic investment referred to this case is an opportunity to do the coffee cultivation in the forest which was opened by Perhutani as the realization of —PHBM. Farmer see the positive advantage from management of agriculture product and commercial commodity. However, the new production mode create the dynamics of social stratification in the farmers’ society. There for, by looking at coffee cultivation in the forest as basis of capital accumulation and access of farmers to change social structure, this research attempts toscrutinize the dynamics of farmers’ social stratification in Sawangan, after the opening of coffee cultivation access in the forest land. It can be observed conducting participation observation in which being involved directly in farmers’ social life will provide acccurate data. Meanwhile, the interview is also considered as the crucial factor to support the required data in the research. It is also used as the secondary data referred to the linked literature. This research reveals that the opportunities for coffee cultivation in the forest open to every farmer. By the opening of access to plant coffee in the forest and availability of household labor, farmers began to actively cultivate coffee in the forest. The goal is to empower the economic structure of households. Productive labor becames an important factor in the accumulation of wealth through the cultivation of coffee in the forest. Meanwhile, sources of cash from coffee is utilized differently among peasant households. Inequality gap forms a new social class through actualization in the form of material or property purchase. Old structure differentiation based on land ownership patterns changed since the opening of coffee cultivation opportunities in the forest. Some indications that refer to the social changes to Sawangan poeple are influenced by some factors such as the arrival of satellite dish, televisions, motorcycles, and the development of 'gedong’ house. In addition, the activity of coffee cultivation also implies the independence Sawangan men and lead to the women domination in household. On the other hand, the large expansion of coffee cultivation in forest invites the ecological, social, and political consequences. The harmonious development between forest communities and Perhutani is needed due to maintain and utilize the forest crop in responsible way.

Kata Kunci : budidaya kopi, hutan, pelapisan sosial