PENGUATAN INTEGRASI NASIONAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KETAHANAN SOSIAL BUDAYA (Studi Pada Masyarakat Kota Surakarta Provinsi Jawa Tengah )

WIJIANTO, Prof. Dr. Kodiran, MA

2012 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan Nasional

Kota Surakarta merupakan kota heterogen dan dinamis serta terkenal sebagai kota pendidikan, budaya, pariwisata yang menjadi barometer politik dan ekonomi. Penelitian tentang penguatan integrasi nasional masyarakat multietnis dilakukana agar mampu menahan krisis identitas guna menunjang ketahanan sosial budaya yang dapat menguatkan ketahanan nasional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk: 1) menggambarkan penguatan integrasi nasional masyarakat Kota Surakarta yang multi etnis. 2) Mengetahui implikasi penguatan integrasi nasional terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya masyarakat Kota Surakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif sedangkan pengumpulan data menggunakan cara studi pustaka, wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Informan pada penelitian ini adalah masyarakat dari berbagai etnik di beberapa wilayah Kota Surakarta, dengan kriteria bahwa informan yang dipilih mengetahui secara mendalam permasalahan yang diteliti, teknik pengambilan sampel dengan teknik non probability sampling dan pendekatan yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Kota Surakarta didiami beragam etnik yaitu Jawa, Cina, Arab, Madura, Banjar, dan Minang. Penguatan integrasi nasional antara etnik Jawa dengan Cina, Jawa dengan Arab, Cina dengan Arab, dan Jawa dengan etnis lain yaitu Madura dan Banjar ditemukan potensi integrasi dan disintegrasi. Potensi integrasi ditandai dengan adanya saling pengertian atau toleransi pada sebagian masyarakat, potensi disintegrasi ditandai dengan munculnya streotip pada sebagian masyarakat lainnya dalam bidang ekonomi, sosial, budaya. Kendala Integrasi Nasional ditandai dengan munculnya beberapa konflik namun disertai upaya resolusi konflik. Hasil Penguatan Integrasi Nasional menunjukkan ada komitmen dari semua etnik untuk dapat hidup berdampingan dalam suasana yang nyaman dan terhindar dari perpecahan 2) Implikasi penguatan integrasi nasional terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya ditunjukkan dari kualitas integrasi nasional yang membaik pasca kerusuhan Mei 1998. Parameter ketahanan sosial budaya ditandai semangat kerukunan didasari toleransi dan komitmen memegang teguh nilai-nilai budaya bangsa. Implikasi kualitas integrasi nasional terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya ditemukan potensi integrasi yang mendukung ketahanan sosial budaya, sedangkan potensi disintegrasi mengancam ketahanan sosial budaya. Bentuk ancaman terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya berupa potensi konflik terbuka dan terselubung, serta lunturnya nilai-nilai budaya bangsa dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kota Surakarta.

Surakarta city is a heterogeneous and dynamic city. It is also known as a city of education, culture, and tourism which becomes the political and economic barometer. The objectives of this research are: (1) to describe the strengthening of national integration of the people of Surakarta city; (2) to investigate the implication of the strengthening of national integration to the social and cultural resilience of the people of Surakarta city. This research used the descriptive qualitative method. The population of this research was the people coming from many ethnic groups living in some districts in Surakarta city. The samples of this research consisted of the people who come from many ethnic groups in Surakarta with in-depth knowledge on the problems which were studied. This research used the non-probability sampling technique with the purposive sampling approach. The data of this research were gathered through library research, in-depth interview, and observation. The results of this research are as follows: 1) Surakarta city is inhabited by many ethnic groups. Those ethnic groups are the Javanese, Chinese, Arabians, Maduranese, Banjarese, and Minangese. The potentials of both integration and disintegration can be found in the strengthening of national integration between the Javanese and the Chinese, the Javanese and the Arabians, the Chinese and the Arabians, as well as the Javanese and the other ethnic groups, which are the Maduranese and the Banjarese. The potential of integration is indicated by the mutual understanding, the tolerance, and the cross dependence of some elements of the society. The potential of disintegration is signified by the emergence of the stereotype toward the other elements of the society in the economic, social, and cultural fields. The constraint of the national integration is pointed out by the emerging of some conflicts but the conflicts are accompanied by the efforts of conflict resolution. The results of the strengthening of the national integration indicate that there is a commitment from all ethnic groups to live together in a pleasant atmosphere and such a coexistence is prevented from disintegration within the framework of the ideological values of Pancasila; and 2) the implication of the strengthening of the national integration to the social and cultural endurance is indicated by the quality of the national integration which has improved after the riot of May 1998 in which a cooperation among the elements of the society has been able to be made. The parameter of the social and cultural endurance is pointed out by the spirit of harmony which is based on tolerance and commitment to hold the cultural values of the nation firmly. The potential of integration which supports the social and cultural endurance is found in the implication of the quality of the national integration to the social and cultural endurance whereas the potential of disintegration threatens the social and cultural endurance. The threat against the social and cultural endurance can be in the tom of overt or covert potential of conflict as well as the erosion of the cultural values of the nation in the life of the people of Surakarta city.

Kata Kunci : masyarakat multikultural, penguatan integrasi nasional, ketahanan sosial budaya