KONVERSI LAHAN PERTANIAN DAN KEBERLANJUTAN USAHATANI DI PINGGIRAN KOTA YOGYAKARTA

Senthot Sudirman, Ir., MS, Prof. Dr. Ir. Irham, M.Sc.

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Ekonomi Pertanian

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui arah dan perubahan penggunaan lahan antar waktu, luas, proporsi, dan distribusi pertumbuhan konversi lahan pertanian menjadi bangunan serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi, (2) Mengestimasi besarnya dampak konversi lahan pertanian terhadap kehilangan produksi pangan, lapangan kerja, dan nilai ekonomi total multifungsi lahan pertanian, dan (3) Mengestimasi persepsi masyarakat tentang prospek keberlanjutan usahatani, kesanggupan petani untuk mempertahankan usahatani, kepedulian masyarakat terhadap keberlanjutan usahatani, serta perubahan kondisi lingkungan yang terjadi sebagai dampak dari terjadinya konversi lahan pertanian menjadi bangunan di pinggiran Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilaksanakan di pinggiran Kota Yogyakarta yang mencakup 6 kecamatan yang terdiri dari 29 desa atau 47 sub-cluster (sub-zona) yang dipilah kedalam 3 zona yaitu Zona Dalam Ringroad (ZDRR), Zona Luar Ringroad (ZLRR), dan Zona Jauh dari Ring Road (ZJRR). Satuan analisis meliputi individu responden dan sub-cluster. Sampel responden diambil secara random dari masing-masing sub-cluter sebanyak 6-10 meliputi petani dan nonpetani. Citra satelit Landsat TM tahun 1996 dan 2006 digunakan sebagai sumber data penggunaan lahan. Teknik analisis spasial dengan SIG diterapkan untuk analisis citra dan peta secra digital dan selanjutnya teknik deskriptif analitik termasuk Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dan Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR), serta metode valuasi ekonomi digunakan untuk menganalisis data penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) antar waktu luas bangunan meningkat,sedangkan luas lahan pertanian menurun dan bervariasi antar zona, (2) arah perubahan antar jenis lahan pertanian bersifat dapat balik yang dominan ke arah ZJRR, arah perubahan lahan pertanian ke bangunan bersifat tidak dapat balik yang dominan ke arah ZDRR, (3) konversi lahan pertanian ke bangunan memiliki karakteristik sbb: (a) meningkat sebagai fungsi waktu dan tertinggi di ZLRR, (b) yang berasal dari pekarangan tertinggi disusul dari lahan terbuka dan lahan tanaman semusim, (c) didorong oleh peningkatan harga lahan, panjang jalan, areal terbangun, peningkatan kepadatan penduduk, keberadaan pusat-pusat pertumbuhan, sebaliknya dihambat oleh luas pemilikan lahan pertanian, (d) berdampak terhadap kehilangan produksi pangan, peluang kerja pertanian, dan nilai ekonomi total multifungsi lahan pertanian, dalam hal ini kehilangan dari lahan tanaman semusim jauh lebih besar daripada dari lahan pekarangan, (4) berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat, prospek keberlanjutan usahatani menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya konversi lahan pertanian menjadi bangunan, (8) kesanggupan petani untuk mempertahankan keberlanjutan usahatani menurun ke arah ZDRR, (9) Willingness to Accept (WTA) dipengaruhi secara positif oleh pendapatan usahatani, umur petani, pengetahuan tentang multifungsi lahan pertanian, tanggungan rumahtangga, dan dipengaruhi secara nyata negatif oleh pendapatan luar usahatani, luas pemilikan lahan pertanian, dan ZJRR, (10) kepedulian masyarakat terhadap keberlanjutan usahatani meningkat ke arah ZDRR, (11) Willingness to Pay (WTP) dipengaruhi secara positif oleh pendapatan rumahtangga, umur KK, pengetahuan multifungsi lahan pertanian, dan dipengaruhi secara negatif oleh jarak tempat tinggal responden dengan lahan pertanian, dan ZJRR, (12) menurut persepsi masyarakat konversi lahan pertanian menjadi bangunan berdampak negatif terhadap terjadinya: penurunan kuantitas air sumur, kualitas udara, keamanan lingkungan, kenyamanan lingkungan, jumlah petani, jumlah lapangan kerja pertanian, dan prospek keberlanjutan usahatani, dan terjadinya peningkatan kebisingan udara, banjir/genangan, masalah sampah, peningkatan pajak lahan, namun demikian konversi lahan pertanian menjadi bangunan juga berdampak positif terhadap peningkatan lapangan kerja nonpertanian dan peningkatan harga lahan di wilayah tersebut.

The purposes of this research are: (1) to know landuse changes direction between time, area of, proportion of and distribution of converted agricultural lands to building and their influencing factors, (2) to estimate the impacts of the converted agricultural lands to the lost of food productions, lost of agricultural jobs opportunities, and lost of total economic values of multifunctionally of agricultural lands, (3) to estimate the perceptions of communities about: (a) the prospect of agricultural sustainability, (b) farmers' ability to sustain farming and their influencing factors, (c) public awareness of sustainable farming and their influencing factors, and (d) the changes of environmental condition as the impact of the agricultural land conversion to building on the peri urban areas of Yogyakarta City. This research was conducted on the peri-urban areas of Yogyakarta City covering 6 subdistricts regions that consisted of 29 villages or 47 sub-clusters (sub-zones). These areas were splitted to be three zones are Inner Ringroad Zone (ZDRR), Outer Ringroad Zone (ZLRR), and Far Distance from Ringroad Zone (ZJRR). There are two analysis units in this research namely (i) farmer or nonfarmer responden as the individually unit and (ii) each sub-cluster as the area unit. The samples were collected ramdomly with sum of 6-10 members in each sub-cluster. Lansat TM satelite senses of 1996 and 2006 were used as the data sources of landuse. The Geographical Information System was used to analyze the satellite senses and digital maps spatially, and then the analytical descriptive technique involved Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR), and also the valuation methods were used to analyze those collected data. Research results showed that (1) the built areas increased but the agricultural lands areas decreased as the time functions and there are variations among the zones, (2) the direction of landuse changing among agricultural lands were reversible and tended dominantly to the ZJRR, but the changing from agricultural lands to buildings were irreversible and tended dominantly to the ZDR, (3) the changing from agricultural lands to building had characteristics of (a) increased as the time function and reached the highest on the ZLRR, (b) the highest was taken placed from perennially crops lands, followed by from opened lands, and the smallest was from annulay crops lands, (c) supported by the factors of: increased land price, length of roads, built areas, increased population density, occourances of growth center, but inhibited by the agricultural land owning area, (d) created impacts to: lost of food production, lost of agricultural jobs opportunities, and lost of total economic values of multifunctionally of agricultural lands, and in these cases the losts from the annually crops lands were much bigger than from the perennially crops lands, (4) based on the communities perceptions about the impacts of the agricultural lands conversion could be stated that: (a) the prospect of farming sustainability was decreased as the conversion increased, (b) farmers' ability to sustain farming was decreased to the ZDRR direction, (c) Willingness to Accept (WTA) positively influenced by farming income, age, their knowledge about the multifunctionally of agricultural lands, family dependency ratio, but negatively influenced by nonfarming income, agricultural lands owning area, and zone (ZJRR), (d) public awareness of sustainable farming increased to the ZDRR direction, (e) Willingness to Pay (WTP) were positively influenced by household income, age, their knowledge about the multifunction of agricultural lands, but negatively influenced by the distance of settlement to the agricultural lands and zone (ZJRR), (f) there were decreasing of wellwater quantities, wellwater qualities, air quality, safety, amenity, sum of farmer, sum of agricultural jobs opportunities, and the prospects of farming sustainability, there were increasing noisy, flooded, garbages, land tax, nonfarming jobs opportunities, and land price.

Kata Kunci : multifungsi lahan pertanian, willingness to pay, willingness to accept, nilai ekonomi total, keberlanjutan usahatani, dan kepedulian masyarakat