KAJIAN FERMENTASI KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) MENGGUNAKAN Aspergillus spp. TERHADAP KECERNAAN DAN KONSUMSI PADA KAMBING PERANAKAN ETAWAH JANTAN

FERY FAHRUDIN MUNIR, Ir. Hari Hartadi, M.Sc, Ph.D

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Peternakan

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perubahan komposisi kimia, kandungan theobromine, dan degradasi (in vitro) KBK terfermentasi menggunakan Aspergillus spp. dengan ukuran cacahan dan waktu fermentasi berbeda, serta mengetahui konsumsi, kecernaan (in vivo), PBBH dan kandungan theobromine pada kambing PE jantan. Penelitian tahap I, mengetahui perubahan komposisi kimia dan kandungan theobromine KBK yang difermentasi dengan A. niger, A. oryzae dan A. ficuum dan empat macam ukuran cacahan KBK yaitu; tidak beraturan (A1), 1 x 5 cm (A2), 3 x 5 cm (A3), 5 x 5 cm (A4) serta waktu fermentasi 0, 5, 7 dan 9 hari. Penelitian tahap II adalah uji degradasi KBK fermentasi di rumen menurut prosedur gas production (in vitro). Kenaikan volume gas dicatat setelah inkubasi ke 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 dan 96 jam. Penelitian tahap III menggunakan kambing PE jantan sebanyak 24 ekor, umur 8-12 bulan, bobot badan 15-20 kg. Total pakan diberikan setiap hari pada kambing 4,0% dari bobot badan (BK). Komposisi pakan; P0 (rumput raja 90% + menir kedelai 10%), P1 (rumput raja 70% + menir kedelai 10% + KBK fermentasi 20%), P2 (rumput raja 50%+menir kedelai 10% + KBK fermentasi 40%), P3 (rumput raja 30% + menir kedelai 10% + KBK fermentasi 60%). Hasil penelitian tahap I menunjukkan, perubahan penurunan kandungan BK KBK fermentasi berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dengan penurunan terendah pada interaksi A1 dengan fermentasi 5 hari yakni 22,80 g (15,64%) yang difermentasi dengan A. niger. Perubahan penurunan kandungan BO berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dengan nilai terendah pada interaksi A1 dan fermentasi 5 hari 21,12 g/kg (16,29%), tetapi tidak berbeda nyata dengan A2 dan fermentasi 5 hari 27,93 g/kg (20,88%) yang difermentasi dengan A. niger. Perubahan kenaikan berbeda nyata (P<0,05), tertinggi kandungan PK pada interaksi A4 setelah 7 hari fermentasi yakni 2,98 g/kg (32,15%) dengan A. niger. Perubahan kenaikan kandungan NDF berbeda nyata (P<0,05) terendah pada interaksi A2 dan fermentasi 9 hari 1,41 g/kg (1,73%), sedangkan kenaikan kandungan ADF berbeda nyata (P<0,05) terendah pada interaksi A2 dan fermentasi 9 hari 0,77 g/kg (1,27%) yang masing-masing difermentasi dengan A. ficuum. Kandungan theobromine terendah diperoleh pada A2 dengan fermentasi 7 hari dan A2 dengan fermentasi 9 hari masing-masing 38,103 ppm dan 38,088 ppm. Hasil penelitian tahap II menunjukkan, fermentasi KBK dengan A. niger memiliki nilai fraksi a+b (total produksi gas) terendah pada A2 dengan fermentasi 7 dan 9 hari masing-masing 16,15 ml/200 mg BK dan 15,95 ml/200 mg BK. Fraksi c (laju produksi gas dari fraksi b) tertinggi pada A3 dengan fermentasi 7 hari (0,035 ml/jam) menggunakan A. ficuum. Hasil penelitian tahap III menunjukkan, rerata konsumsi BK pada P0 berbeda nyata (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dibanding P2 dan P3, P0 tidak berbeda nyata dengan P1, rerata konsumsi BK P1 25,76 g/kg BB/hari. Rerata konsumsi BO untuk P0 berbeda nyata (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dibanding P2 dan P3, P0 tidak berbeda nyata dengan P1, rerata konsumsi BO P1 19,41 g/kg BB/hari. Rerata konsumsi PK pada P0 tidak berbeda nyata dengan P1, rerata konsumsi PK P1 3,37 g/kg BB/hari. Pemberian pakan KBK fermentasi pada semua perlakuan menunjukkan pengaruh tidak nyata terhadap konsumsi NDF dan ADF. Total rerata konsumsi NDF dan ADF pada perlakuan penambahan KBK fermentasi yakni 12,93 g/kg BB/hari dan 9,65 g/kg BB/hari. Rerata kecernaan BK pada P0 dan P1 berbeda nyata (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dibanding P2 dan P3, kecernaan BK P1 sebesar 83,48%. Rerata kecernaan BO untuk P0 dan P1 berbeda nyata (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dari P2 dan P3, kecernaan BO pada P1 sebesar 82,69%. Rerata kecernaan PK pada P0 tidak berbeda nyata dengan P1, rerata kecernaan PK P1 87,28%. Rerata kecernaan NDF dan ADF pada P0 dan P1 berbeda nyata (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dari P2 dan P3. Rerata kecernaan NDF dan ADF untuk perlakuan penambahan KBK fermentasi tertinggi pada P1 masing-masing 81,01% dan 83,03%. P0 dengan P1 dan P2 tidak berbeda nyata pada BB akhir, PBBH pada P0 tidak berbeda nyata dengan P1. Kenaikan BB akhir tertinggi pada P0 yakni 4,91 kg (PBBH 54,62 g), diikuti P1 4,67 kg (PBBH 51,85 g), P2 3,09 kg (PBBH 35,19 g), dan P3 hanya 1,75 kg (PBBH 19,45 g). Kandungan theobromine terendah didalam darah pada P1 yaitu hanya 8,250 ppm dan didalam urin terendah pada P1 yakni 1,220 ppm. Feses untuk semua perlakukan sudah tidak terdeteksi (BDL) kandungan theobromine-nya.

This research was done to investigate changes of chemical composition, theobromine content, and degradation (in vitro) of fermented CPH using Aspergillus spp. with variation on both of chop sizes and fermentation times. The study also to investigation consumption, digestibility (in vivo), DBWG and theobromine content from male Etawah Crossed. The first stage, to evaluate changes of chemical composition and theobromine content of CPH fermented with A. niger, A. oryzae and A. ficuum. The treatment were CPH Chop sizes namely irregular size (A1), 1 x 5 cm (A2), 3 x 5 cm (A3), 5 x 5 cm (A4) and fermentation times; 0, 5, 7 and 9 days. The second stage was degradation trial of fermented CPH in the rumen using gas production procedure (in vitro). Increasing of gas value was recorded after incubation of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The third stage was in vivo study on digestibility and intakes trial for selected CPH fermentation (CPH fermented with A. niger, in A2 and 7 days fermentation). Twenty four male Etawah Crossed goats at 8-12 months old and BW 15-20 kg were used. Daily feeding was offered 4.0% of BW (on DM basis). Feed composition were P0 (king grass 90% + grinding soybean 10%), P1 (king grass 70% + grinding soybean 10% + fermented CPH 20%), P2 (king grass 50% + grinding soybean 10% + fermented CPH 40%), P3 (king grass 30% + grinding soybean 10% + fermented CPH 60%). Result of stage I indicated that fermentation significantly reduced the CPH DM content (P<0.05), the lowest was found on the interaction of A1 with 5 days fermentation 22.80 g/kg (15.64%) to be fermented with A. niger. The OM content was significantly (P<0.05) decreased, the lowest value was found on the interaction of A1 with 5 days fermentation 21.12 g/kg (16.29%), but did not differ significantly with A2 and 5 days fermentation 27.93 g/kg (20.88%) when CPH was fermented by A. niger. Increasing changes of CP content was significantly differ (P<0.05) the highest was in the interaction between A4 and after 7 days fermentation about 2.98 g/kg (32.15%) with A. niger. Increasing changes of NDF content was significantly different (P<0.05), the lowest was interaction between A2 and 9 days fermentation about 1.41 g/kg (1.73%), while ADF content was significantly different (P<0.05) with the lowest was interaction between A2 and 9 days fermentation of 0.77 g/kg (1.27%), when it was fermented with A. ficuum, respectively. The lowest content of theobromine was found on A2 with 7 days fermentation and A2 with 9 days fermentation, which were 38.103 ppm and 38.088 ppm, respectively. On the stage II, fermentation of CPH with A. niger indicated that the lowest value of total gas production fraction (a+b) was found in A2 with 7 and 9 days fermentation, which were 16.15 ml/200 mg DM and 15.95 ml/200 mg DM, respectively. The highest rate of gas production from fraction of b (c) was in A3 with 7 days fermentation (0.035 ml/hour) uses A. ficuum. DM and OM intakes of goats were differ significantly (P<0.05), P0 was higher than P2 and P3, P0 did not differ significantly with P1. Intakes of CP between P0 and P1 did not significantly differ, the average of CP intake in P1 was 3.37 g/kg BW/day. Feeding of fermented CPH for all treatments indicated that there was no significantly differences toward NDF and ADF intakes. Average of NDF and ADF intakes for treatments of CPH fermentation were 12.93 g/kg BW/day and 9.65 g/kg BW/day, respectively. Average of DM digestibility for P0 and P1 were found significantly differed (P<0.05), it was higher than P2 and P3, DM digestibility of P1 was 83.48%. Average of OM digestibility in P0 and P1 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than P2 and P3, OM digestibility of P1 was 82.69%. Average of CP digestibility in P0 was not significantly different with P1, CP digestibility of P1 was 87.28%. Average in both of NDF and ADF digestibilities in P0 and P1 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than P2 and P3. The highest NDF and ADF digestibilities for supplementation of fermented CPH was in P1 (81.01% and 83.03%, respectively). P0 with P1 and P2 did not significantly differ on final BW, DBWG of P0 was not significantly different with P1. The highest increased of final BW was in P0, the value reached 4.91 kg (DBWG of 54.62 g), followed by P1 4.67 kg (DBWG of 51.85 g), P2 3.09 kg (DBWG of 35.19 g), and P3 only 1.75 kg (DBWG of 19.45 g). The lowest theobromine blood content was found in P1 which was only 8.250 ppm, while in the urine the lowest theobromine was found in P1 1.220 ppm. The theobromine was not detected (BDL) in goats feces.

Kata Kunci : KBK fermentasi, theobromine, konsumsi, kecernaan, kambing PE