PEMIKIRAN EPISTEMOLOGI FRITJOF CAPRA DAN RELEVANSINYA BAGI PERKEMBANGAN METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

Siti Fatimah, Dra.,M.Hum., Prof. Dr. Kaelan, M.S,

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Filsafat

Penerapan epistemologi Cartesian-Newtonian telah berimbas buruk pada pandangan dunia dalam bidang ilmu-ilmu serta sikap para ilmuwan terhadap lingkungan. Dampak lanjutan penerapan epistemologi ini mengakibatkan sebagian besar umat manusia berpola pikir dualis, mekanis, reduktif, dan analitis. Pandangan dunia dan sikap yang didasari epistemologi ini menyebabkan munculnya berbagai krisis yang mengancam kehidupan secara berkelanjutan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi problem epistemologi yang melatarbelakangi Capra dalam membangun epistemologi baru, mengidentifikasi hakikat epistemologi Capra dan dampak positifnya bagi cara pandang dalam ilmu-ilmu serta cara pandang dan sikap para ilmuwan terhadap alam, juga mengidentifikasi relevansi epistemologi Capra pada perkembangan metodologi penelitian. Penelitian ini menjadikan pustaka sebagai sumber data utama. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif historis-faktual, menekankan pada olahan kebermaknaan secara filosofis dan teoretis yang terkait dengan nilai yang menekankan pengertian, konsep, serta ciriciri yang melekat pada objek penelitiannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis sintesis dan hermeneutis filosofis. Beberapa unsur prinsip metode ini adalah deskripsi, koherensi intern, holistika, heuristika, refleksi kritis, dan holistika. Hasil penelitian: 1) Epistemologi Cartesian-Newtonian bercirikhas dualis, mekanis, reduktif, analitis. Epistemologi ini fanatik pada kekuatan penalaran, pengamatan, dan eksperimen. Penerapannya berdampak negatif pada cara pandang di dalam ilmu-ilmu dan cara pandang serta sikap para ilmuwan menjadi tidak ramah pada alam. 2) Capra meyakini kebenaran rasio dan empiri, tetapi bukan sebagai kebenaran mutlak. Keduanya hanya benar menurut ukuran akal dan indra. 3) Capra juga meyakini epistemologi intuisi yang sumber pengetahuannya adalah pengalaman mistis, kesadaran kemenyatuan, kesadaran tentang jaringan kerja, agama dan spiritualitas, kesadaran kolektif, iman dan lompatan intuitif, serta wahyu. Pengetahuan intuitif dicapai melalui meditasi, melihat dengan mata batin, introspeksi, latihan spiritual/eksperimen rohani, interpretasi teori jejaring, sikap keterlibatan, juga berbagai refleksi kritis. Alat ukur kebenaran pengetahuan menggunakan ”kebenaran kira-kira, tidak mutlak”. Seluruh model dan teori ilmiah juga hanya hampiran, kira-kira, tidak akurat, dan sangat terbatas. Capra menemukan adanya kesejajaran antara pengetahuan intuitif dan pengetahuan logis-empiris. Perpaduan epistemologi intuisi, rasio, dan empiri melatih cara pandang yang baru. Pengetahuan digali melalui penalaran, pengamatan, dan berbagai refleksi intuitif yang mendalam. Epistemologi ini memotivasi munculnya relevansi perkembangan metodologi penelitian filsafat. Capra berpendapat, metode penelitian harus menggunakan penalaran, pengamatan, dan berbagai refleksi intuitif.

The application of the Cartesian-Newtonian Epistemology has brought about negative effect over the world views of general fields of sciences that of course gave further impact on how scientiests’ attitutes toward the natural invironment. More than that, the negative influence of the application of this epistemology can be seen through the ways people think binary, mechanically, reductively, analytically. This worldview has been blamed to have brought crises that threaten the sustainability of human life. The aims of this research are to identify epistemological questions that have formed the background of Capra in constructing his new epistemology to discover the essence of Capra’s new epistemology along with its positive influence over the rise of new scientific views and attitude toward the natural invironment, and 3) to underline general influence of Capra’s epistemology towards the development of research methodology in general. This research is based on the library research and to be its main source. The approach taken in this research, I take fact-based historical qualitative, which takes a stress on the philosophical and theoretical meanings closely related to values ranging from definition, concepts and other specific characteristics of the research objects. The method used is analyticalsynthetic and philosophical hermeneutics. Some principle elements of this method are including description, coherence, intern, holistic, heuristic and reflection as well as critical evaluation. In particular, the holistic method is used to interpret the data collected along with their relation with all possible aspects. The results of the research: 1) the Cartesian-Newtonian epistemology with such specific particularities as binary, mechanistic, reductive, and analytical, boldly relies on reason, observation, experimentation and has given negative effect over the ways science and scientists’ worldviews that are not friendly with nature. 2) Capra recognizes both rational and empirical truths, but he rejected their absolutness because both of them are only true in terms of rasio and sensory perception. 3) Instead, Capra also in fact believe the intuition based on epistemology, which its main sources are mystical experience, sense of unity, sence of network, religion and revelation. Meanwhile, the ways to reach the truth of this epistemology are through maditation, feeling, self instrospection, spiritiual experiences, interpretation with theory of web, involvement attitude as well as critical reflection. In terms of the truth, those experiences and methods are based on the principle of ”proximate truth and non-absolute truth”. All scientific models and theories are just approaching the truth, inaccurate and limited. Here is the parallelism of intuition based knowledge and rasio as well as empirical knowledge. The application of this new epistemology will bring into the holistic worldviews. Knowledge could be discovered through radical reasonality, observation as well as profound intuitive reflection. This epistemology has stimulated the rise of philosophy based research methodology. In the view of Capra, scientific methodology should combine reason, observation and a variety of intuitive reflections.

Kata Kunci : Fritjof Capra, Epistemologi Alrnatif: Rasio, Empiri, Intuisi