HUBUNGAN RAJA DAN RAKYAT DI TENGAH GELOMBANG DEMOKRASI: Studi Tentang Keberlangsungan Konsep Kekuasaan Jawa di Masyarakat Yogyakarta, Tahun 1998-2011

Pajar Hatma Indra Jaya, Prof. Dr. Heru Nugroho

2013 | Disertasi | S2 Sosiologi minat Studi Pembangunan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memeriksa hubungan antara raja dan masyarakat di era demokrasi, dengan mengambil kasus-kasus yang terjadi antara tahun 1998 sampai 2011. Kasus RUUK DIY, Kasus Sutet di Bantul, serta Pasir Besi di Kulonprogo merupakankasus yang secara spesifik diperiksa dalam penelitian ini. Konsep kekuasaan Jawa berbeda dengan kekuasaan modem. Kekuasaan dalam konsep Jawa diartikan sebagai kasekten (Anderson, 1972). Konsekuensinya ketaatan dan daya dukung masyarakat terhadap raja didasarkan pada keyakinan raja sebagai sosok yang mendapat wahyu sehingga dinarasikan sebagai sosok sakti yang punya kualifikasi superhuman yang menguasai kekuatan supranatural-religio magis (Moertono, 1968). Pembenaran posisi tinggi raja Jawa tidak pemah didasarkan pada hal-hal yang bersifat materi, yaitu kekayaan ataupun banyaknya bala tentara yang dikuasai, melainkan pada kebesaran dan kehebatan batiniah raja (Laksono, 1985). Di era reformasi, dukungan masyarakat terhadap raja masih kuat, namun tidak lagi berpola menurutjarak geografi atau pancaran lampu obor (Anderson, 1972; Moertono, 1968), namun berdasar pada jarak budaya. Semakin dekat masyarakat secara budaya dengan keraton maka semakin kuat dukunganterhadap raja (Wahyono,2001). Penelitian ini menemukan hal yang berbeda, dimana dukungan masyarakat terhadap raja tidak lagi bisa dijelaskan dengan konsep kekuasaan Jawa. Pertimbangan rasional berupa kedekatan kepentingan masing-masing kelompok menjadi penjelas untuk menerangkan dukungan masyarakat terhadap raja. Ketika jarak kepentingan kelompok dekat, mereka menunjukan dukungan, namun ketika jarak tersebut melebar masyarakat dengan mudah merubah dukungan tanpa takut kualat. Dalam kasus RUUK DIY, Partai Golkar yang dianggap pejuang penetapan tiba-tiba merubah dukungannya ketika HB X terlibat di Nasdem. Dukungan Kelompok Bantul juga mengalami dinamika naik turun, pada bulan Oktober 2008, ketika posisi RUUK DIY dalam keadaan genting, tidak ada mobilisasi massa dari kelompok ini. Kelompok Sleman bahkan berani menentang keinginan HB X untuk maju dalam Pilpres. Dalam Kasus Sutet, masyarakat menggunakantradisi untuk bargainingmenaikkan ganti rugi proyek sutet. Dalam Kasus Pasir Besi, masyarakat yang dulunya taat kepada raja tiba-tiba berani melawankebijakan sultan ketika kepentingannyaterganggu.

This study is aimed at examining the relationship between a king and the community in the democracy era based on the cases occurred from 1998 to 2011. The cases examined specifically in this study were the case of proposed law of Yogyakarta the special region (RUUK DIY)~the case of high voltage power plant project (Sutet) in Bantul~and the ore mining case (pasir Besi) in Kulonprogo. Javanese power concept is different from a modem power concept. The power in Javanese concept is defined as kasekten (Anderson~ 1972). As a consequence~the obedience and community support for the king are based on the belief that the king is a figure who has received the revelations from God; therefore~he is powerful and has superhuman qualification and owns supernatural power (Moertono~ 1968). The justification of Javanese King high position was not materialistic anymore~such as wealth or great number of army; however~it was based on the greatness and the power of inner spirituality of the king (Laksono~ 1985). In the reform e~ the community support remains strong to the king~ however it was not patterned according to geographical distance or torch ray (Anderson, 1972; Moertono, 1968), but it was based on the cultural distance. The closer to the palace culturally~the stronger support from communityto the king (Wahyono~2001). The study found different things~that public support to the king could not be explained by the concept of Javanese power. Logical consideration in the form of interest proximity of each group becomes a concept of public support against the king. When the group interests are closer~they show their suppo~ but when the gap becomes wider~they easily change the support without fear of karma (kualat). In the case of proposed law of Yogyakarta the Special region~Golkar Party which was considered as Yogyakarta establishment fighters suddenly changed its support when Hamengkubuwono X involved in the National Democrat organization (Nasdem). The support group from Bantul was also dynamic (up and down)~in October 2008~when the position of proposed law of Yogyakarta the Special region was in precarious circumstances~there was no mass mobilizationwithin this group. The Slemangroup was even courageousto oppose againstHamengkubuwonoX to participate in the presidential election. In the case high voltage power plant project~the communityused the tradition to raise (bargaining) the compensation of that project. In the case of ore mining~people who used to obey the king suddenly were against the sultan policy when their interests were disturbed.

Kata Kunci : Konsep Kekuasaan, Dukungan Masyarakat, Jarak Geografi, Jarak Budaya,Jarak Kepentingan