MARJINALISASI PETANI DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA: Acuan Khusus Pada Kontestasi Lahan Pertanian Di Perdesaan

SUTARYONO, Prof. Dr. H. Hadi Sabari Yunus, M.A.

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Geografi

Penelitian yang berfokus pada marjinalisasi petani ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengkaji marjinalisasi dan kontestasi lahan pertanian: (2) mengukur indeks marjinalisasi; (3) menentukan tipologi marjinalisasi; dan (4) mengkaji keterkaitan tipologi marjinalisasi dengan berbagai variasi keruangan di perdesaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). Pendekatan keruangan dan pendekatan ekologikal digunakan untuk menjelaskan terjadinya marjinalisasi di berbagai wilayah berikut keterkaitan antar wilayah sekitarnya. Pendekatan sosiologis digunakan untuk melengkapi pendekatan keruangan dan pendekatan ekologikal, dalam menjelaskan gejala-gejala struktural dan kultural yang diduga memberikan pengaruh terhadap proses marjinalisasi petani di perdesaan. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, berdasarkan keterkaitan dengan karakteristik obyek penelitian ini mengunakan metode survey, berdasarkan keterkaitan dengan populasi metode sampling digunakan pada desa-desa terpilih dan berdasarkan keterkaitan dengan analisis digunakan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Penelitian yang dilakukan di DIY ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) marjinalisasi petani diawali oleh adanya kontestasi lahan pertanian yang melibatkan berbagai stake holder yang berkepentingan terhadap lahan pertanian. Proses kontestasi lahan yang terjadi diformulasikan dalam bentuk Land Contestatian Triangle Model yang merupakan model empirik kontestasi lahan pertanian di perdesaan, yang merupakan salah satu kebaruan dalam penelitian ini; (2) indeks marjinalisasi petani diukur melalui akumulasi indeks penguasaan lahan pertanian, produksi, akses petani terhadap sarana produksi pertanian, kredit dan pasar serta kondisi kelembagaan petani. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa indeks marjinalisasi pada seluruh desa studi berkisar antara 19% - 78%. Indeks ini menunjukkan tinggi rendahnya tingkat marjinalisasi petani. Semakin tinggi nilai indeks marjinalisasi, petani cenderung semakin termarjinalkan; (3) tipologi marjinalisasi ditentukan berdasarkan tingkatan dan bentuk marjinalisasi. Tingkatan marjinalisasi petani terdiri dari petani yang belum termarjinalkan (indeks < 40%), mengalami gejala marjinalisasi (indeks 40% - 52%) dan petani yang termarjinalkan (indeks > 52%). Berdasarkan bentuknya dibedakan menjadi termarjinalkan secara individual (72,2%) dan kelompok (27,8%); (4) petani di desa-desa dengan pengaruh sifat-sifat kekotaan yang lebih tinggi (desa pinggiran kota) dan desa-desa dengan tingkat diversifikasi yang relatif lebih tinggi cenderung lebih termarjinalkan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, direkomendasikan strategi untuk mengantisipasi dan mengatasi marjinalisasi, yang meliputi: (1) strategi reforma agraria; (2) penetapan zona pertanian abadi dan pengendalian alih fungsi lahan pertanian secara konsisten; (3) penguatan akses petani terhadap sarana produksi pertanian, kredit dan pasar; serta (4) penguatan kelembagaan dan peningkatan kapasitas kelompok tani.

The research aimed which is focus on the marginalization of peasants is to explore: (1) the process of marginalization and contestation of agricultural land; (2) the index of marginalization; (3) the marginalization types; (4) the linkage of marginalization types and the spatial variety in the rural area. Spatial and ecological approaches are used to explain the occurrence of marginalization in different areas of the following linkages and surrounding. The sociological approach is used to complement them in explaining the phenomena of structural and cultural influences on the process of the peasants marginalization. In achieving the objectives of the study, based on the linkage to the characteristics of the study object, the survey methods was used. Population based sampling methods were used in selecting chosen villages. The quantitative and qualitative analysis were used to analysis the research data. This research conducted in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). It shows that : (1) the process of the peasants marginalization was initiated as a contestation of agricultural land involving the various stakeholders who have an interest on the land. The process of contestation that occurs were formulated in the form of Land Contestation Triangle Model. It is a model of empirical contestation of agricultural land in the rural areas: (2) the peasant marginalization index was measured by the accumulation index of the agricultural land tenure, land production, access of peasants to agricultural inputs, credit and market as well as institutional conditions of the peasants. The result of the research showed that the index of marginalization in all of the study villages were ranged between 19% - 78%. This index indicates the high or low levels of the marginalization of the peasants. The higher of the marginalization index value, the peasants tend to be increasingly marginalized; (3) The marginalization type was determined by the level and form of marginalization. Level of peasants marginalization consists of the peasants were not marginalized (<40% index), persons has been marginalizing (index of 40% - 52%) and marginalized peasants (>52% index). It can be divided into individual marginalization (72,2%) and group of marginalization (27,8%); (4) the peasants of the villages that influence of the properties of the higher urban (sub urban villages) and the villages with relatively higher diversification tend to be more marginalized rather than the peasants who live in the usual of agriculture villages. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that the strategies to anticipate and overcome the marginalization includes : (1) the strategy of agrarian reform by redistributing agricultural land to the peasants and to the landless concerns; (2) deciding the perennial agricultural zoning and to control agricultural land use change consistently; (3) strengthening the peasants to access the agricultural inputs, credit, and market; and (4) institutional strengthening and capacity building of the peasant groups.

Kata Kunci : kontestasi, marjinalisasi, petani, lahan pertanian