INTEGRASI PASAR DAN EFISIENSI EKONOMI USAHA TERNAK SAPI POTONG DI SULAWESI SELATAN, SULAWESI TENGAH DAN KALIMANTAN TIMUR

BAHARI DJOKO SUSILO, Dr. Ir. Slamet Hartono, SU., M.Sc.

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Ekonomi Pertanian

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) meramal harga daging sapi dalam jangka pendek dan mengetahui fluktuasi harga daging sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tengah, (2) mengetahui adanya integrasi pasar, (3) mengetahui hubungan jangka pendek antara harga daging sapi potong dengan faktorfaktor yang berpengaruh, (4) mengetahui pengaruh harga faktor-faktor produksi variabel terhadap gross margin serta elastisitas permintaan faktor produksi terhadap harganya dan terhadap harga output, (5) mengetahui alokasi penggunaan input variabel sudah optimal atau belum, sehingga diketahui gross margin Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong telah mencapai kondisi maksimum atau belum, (6) mengetahui kondisi skala usaha ternak sapi potong, dan (7) perbedaan efisiensi ekonomi, alokasi penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi, penerapan teknologi budidaya sapi potong dan kondisi gross margin antara usaha ternak sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur dengan Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Propinsi Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan dengan responden sebanyak 210 peternak sapi potong. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan data bulanan dan mingguan harga daging sapi, data bulanan harga tepung terigu dan harga telur ayam ras dari tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2009. Analisis data menggunakan uji kointegrasi Johansen, model koreksi kesalahan (Error Correction Model) dan fungsi keuntungan UOP (Unit output price Cobb-Douglas Profit Function). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan : (1) harga daging sapi di Samarinda, Tenggarong, Makasar dan Palu cenderung terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dan menunjukkan volatilitas yang rendah atau fluktuasi harganya relatif rendah, (2) terdapat integrasi pasar sapi potong antara Kalimantan Timur (daerah defisit sapi potong) dengan Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan (daerah surplus sapi potong), (3) dalam jangka pendek perubahan harga daging sapi di kota Palu, perubahan harga daging sapi di kota Makasar dan perubahan harga telur ayam ras berpengaruh terhadap perubahan harga daging sapi di kota Samarinda, sedangkan perubahan harga daging sapi di kota Tenggarong dalam jangka pendek dipengaruhi oleh perubahan harga daging sapi kota Palu dan perubahan harga daging sapi kota Makasar, (4) pada kondisi memaksimalkan keuntungan, gross margin usaha ternak sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan mempunyai hubungan negatif dengan upah tenaga kerja, harga obat, harga tali dan harga dedak, serta mempunyai hubungan positif dengan nilai ternak yang dikuasai, (5) alokasi penggunaan input variabel pada usaha ternak sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tengah masih belum optimal sehingga belum mencapai gross margin maksimum, (6) usaha ternak sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur berada pada keadaan constant return to scale (CRTS), sedangkan di Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan berada pada keadaan decreasing return to scale (DRTS), (7) Meskipun terdapat perbedaan efisiensi teknis dan efisiensi alokatif, tetapi antara usaha ternak sapi potong di Kalimantan Timur dengan Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan, tetapi mempunyai kesamaan efisiensi ekonomi dan kesamaan belum dalam keadaan memaksimalkan gross margin.

This study aims to (1) Forecast the price of beef in the short term and fluctuations and know the price fluctuations of beef in East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi, (2) know the existence of market integration, (3) determine the relationship short-term between the price of beef cattle with the factors that influence (4) determine the effect price of variable factors of production to the gross margin and the elasticity of demand to price and production factors on output prices, (5) allocate a variable input use were optimal or not, so unknown beef cattle farm gross margin has reached the maximum condition or not, (6) determine the condition of farm-scale beef cattle, and (7) to know the relative similarity of economic efficiency, equality relative price efficiency, technical efficiency and price similarity, as well as the absolute similarity between the farm price of beef cattle. Research conducted in the Province of East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi. Respondents of this study were 210 cattle farmers. This study also uses monthly and weekly data price of beef, chicken meat prices, the price of flour and eggs prices from 2001 to 2008. Data analysis using Johansen co-integration test, error correction model and unit price of output Cobb-Douglas Profit Function. The results showed that: (1) the price of beef in Samarinda, Tenggarong, Makasar and Palu tends to increase from year to year and show low volatility or fluctuations in the price was relatively low, (2)there was Cattle market integration between East Kalimantan (the deficit area of cattle) with Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi (the surplus area of cattle), (3) In short-term changes of beef price in the Palu and Makassar city and eggs price changes affect changes of beef price in the Samarinda, while changes of beef price in Palu and Makasar city in the short-term affecting on change of beef price in Tenggarong, (4) On conditions to maximize profits, gross margins of cattle farms in East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi have negative relationships with the price of wage labor, drug prices, the price of the rope and the price of rice bran and have a positive relationship with the cattle value (5) Allocation of variable input use in cattle farms in East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi are still not optimal and therefore has not reached the maximum gross margin,(6)Cattle farms conditions in East Kalimantan was in a state of increasing returns to scale, while in Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi were in a state of decreasing returns to scale, (7) although there were differences in technical efficiency and allocative efficiency, but between cattle farms in East Kalimantan with cattle farms in Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi had commonality of economic efficiency, and similarity had not been in a state of maximizing profits.

Kata Kunci : integrasi pasar, sapi potong, fungsi keuntungan, efisiensi ekonomi