IDENTIFIKASI CEMARAN VIRUS AVIAN INFLUENZA DI PASAR TRADISIONAL KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR PROVINSI ACEH

drh.Rika Yulisma, Prof. drh. Charles Rangga Tabbu, M.Sc., Ph.D

2012 | Tesis | S2 Sain Veteriner

Salah satu modus penyebaran virus avian influenza (AI) adalah melalui distribusi dan pemasaran unggas dan produk asal unggas di pasar tradisional. Sehubungan dengan pola penjualan berbagai jenis unggas di pasar tradisional dalam kondisi hidup dan berasal dari berbagai daerah dan peternakan, pasar tradisional dapat menjadi sumber potensial penularan virus AI bagi unggas dan manusia. Proses pemotongan hingga menjadi karkas pada lokasi yang sama, tanpa menerapkan biosekuriti yang ketat, juga menyebabkan penularan virus tersebut ke lingkungan sekitar menjadi sangat mudah. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengevaluasi cemaran virus AI pada beberapa titik kritis, yaitu unggas, kandang sementara, tempat pemotongan dan penjualan karkas, dan mengidentifikasi subtipe virus AI pada berbagai pasar tradisional di Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Propinsi Aceh. Sampel swab diambil secara acak (random) dari tiga pasar di Kabupaten Aceh Besar Propinsi Aceh, yaitu pasar Lambaro, Ketapang dan pasar Ulekareng dan di pool. Satu pool sampel berisi 1 sampai 5 swab yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan pedagang, jenis unggas, dan titik kritis cemaran AI. Jumlah total sampel yang diambil adalah 258 swab, yang terdiri dari swab trakea unggas hidup, kandang penampungan, meja tempat pemotongan, dan karkas, kemudian dikelompokkan dalam 90 pool. Isolasi virus AI kedalam telur ayam bertunas (TAB), pemeriksaan secara serologis (uji HA/HI), dan identifikasi molekuler (metode RT-PCR) di lakukan di Laboratorium Virologi dan Bioteknologi Balai Besar Veteriner (BBVet) Wates. Analisis hasil pemeriksaan serologis dan identifikasi molekuler virus AI dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cemaran virus AI pada pasar tradisional di Kabupaten Aceh Besar, dan antibodi terhadap virus AI hanya terdeteksi pada itik dan ayam pedaging di pasar Lambaro. Berdasarkan hasil uji RT-PCR menggunakan primer spesifik terhadap gen M, H5, dan N1 diperoleh virus AI yang bersirkulasi pada unggas di pasar Lambaro tergolong subtipe H5N1. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa diantara beberapa titik kritis cemaran virus AI di pasar tradisional, unggas hidup (itik dan ayam pedaging) yang berada dalam kandang penampungan sementara merupakan potensial penyebaran virus AI ke lingkungannya.

One of the modes of spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) is through distributin and marketing of poultry products in traditional markets. In relation to the marketing patten of various species oof poultry in the traditional markets, which are as live poultry and collected from different areas and farms. In addition, the whole process of poultry slaughtering to final product of carcass are in the same location without applaying proper biosecurity. These practices will make traditional markets as a potential source of AIV transmissios for poultry and possibly human. This study was designed to evaluated the critical points of AIV contamination in traditional markets of the District of Aceh Besar of Aceh Province, including live poultry, temporary cages, plece for slaughtering poultry and selling carcass, and to identify the AIV subtipe in various traditional markets in the District Aceh Besar of Aceh Province. Sampel of swabs were randomly collected from three traditional markets in the District of Aceh Besar of Aceh Province, namely Lambaro market, Keutapang market, and Ulekareng market, then those sampels were pooled. Each pool of sampel contain one to five swabs, which were arranged according to the poultry trader, species of poultry, and the critical poins for AIV contamination. The total number of swabs were 258, included tracheal swabs from live poultry, temporary cages, tables for poultry slaughtering and selling carcass. Then, those swabs were grouped into 90 pools. Isolation of AIV was performed in the chiken embryonated eggs, serologic test was employing HA/HI methods, and molecular identification of this virus was tested using RT-PCR method. All test were conducted at the Laboratory of Virology and Biotechnology Center for Veterinary (BBVet) Wates. The results of serologyc test and molecular identificatin of AIV were analyzed descriptively. Results of this study indicated that contamination of AIV in the traditional markets in the District of Aceh Besar and antibody against AIV were found only ducks and broilers in the Lambaro Market. Based on RT-PCR test employing specific primers against genes M, H5, and N1, it was concluded that AIV that has beeen circulating in the Lambaro Market is H5N1 subtype. Results of this reseach proved that among several critical points of AIV contamination in traditional market, live poultry (ducks and broilers) which are kept in temporary cages can act as a potential source of AIV spreading into the environment.

Kata Kunci : Avian Influenza (AI); pasar tradisional; titik kritis cemaran; uji serologis; RT-PCR