PROBIOTIK BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT INDIGENOUS : PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP EKSPRESI BIOLOGIS PADA AYAM BROILER

Sri Harimurti, Ir.,SU., Prof. Drs. Nasroedin, M.Sc

2012 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Peternakan

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan probiotik bakteri asam laktat (BAL) indigenous dan pengaruhnya terhadap ekspresi biologis ayam broiler. Penelitian diawali dengan mempelajari aderensi probiotik BAL indigenous yang tersusun dari Lactobacillus murinus (Ar3), Streptococcus thermophilus (Kp2) dan Pediococcus acidilactici (Kd6) pada sel epitel usus ayam broiler secara in vitro dan in vivo. Penelitian tahap pertama ini diperlukan 30 ekor ayam broiler untuk sumber koleksi sel epitel usus (invitro) dan 48 ekor untuk scanning electron microscopy (SEM) usus (in vivo). Pada tahap kedua digunakan 60 ekor ayam broiler yang secara random dibagi menjadi 4 perlakuan suplementasi probiotik BAL yakni (T0) tanpa probiotik dan suplementasi probiotik lewat tetes mulut 107 (T1), 108 (T2) dan 109CFU/ml/ekor/hari (T3) untuk mengetahui ekspresi biologis meliputi performan produksi : konsumsi pakan (g/ekor), pertambahan bobot badan (g/ekor) dan konversi pakan, serta histologi struktur usus ayam tersebut seperti tinggi vili (μm), lebar vili (μm) dan kedalaman cripta usus (μm) pada duodenum, jejunum dan ileum. Tahap ketiga digunakan 90 ekor ayam broiler untuk studi eksklusi kompetitif Salmonella pullorum oleh probiotik BAL pada usus ayam broiler. Pakan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini disusun sesuai yang direkomendasikan NRC (Protein kasar 22,81% dan ME 3053,45 kcal/kg) dan diberikan kepada ayam secara ad libitum. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisis variansi rancangan acak lengkap dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian tahap pertama diperlihatkan gambaran mikroskopis fase kontras bahwa bakteri probiotik BAL beraderensi pada sel epitel usus ayam broiler. Melalui hasil SEM tampak jelas bahwa Lactobacillus murinus (Ar3), Streptococcus thermophilus (Kp2) dan Pediococcus acidilactici (Kd6) beraderensi sangat bagus pada usus ayam broiler yang disuplementasi probiotik BAL (in vivo). Hasil penelitian tahap kedua menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi probiotik BAL menyebabkan perbedaan yang nyata (P < 0,05) terhadap konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan dan konversi pakan. Konversi pakan diperbaiki dari 1,766 (T0) menjadi 1,515 (T1), 1,496 (T2) dan 1,457 (T3). Suplementasi probiotik BAL signifikan meningkatkan tinggi vili, lebar vili dan kedalaman cripta usus (μm) pada duodenum, jejunum dan ileum sebagai indikator perbaikan struktur histologi usus. Hasil pada tahap ketiga probiotik BAL pada usus ayam broiler menunjukkan kemampuannya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Salmonella pullorum. Jumlah BAL (log CFU/g) pada usus ayam broiler yang disuplementasi probiotik BAL meningkat sebesar 1,83 siklus log dibandingkan kelompok ayam kontrol. Secara keseluruhan dapat disimpulkan bahwa probiotik BAL indigenous ini memenuhi kriteria yang ideal untuk ayam broiler, beraderensi dengan baik pada usus, memperbaiki performan produksi dan berkemampuan menghambat Salmonella pullorum dalam usus.

The experiments were conducted to determine some properties of the indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) probiotics and its influence on biological expressions of broiler chickens. The LAB probiotics consisted of Lactobacillus murinus (Ar3), Streptococcus thermophilus (Kp2) and Pediococcus acidilactici (Kd6) were assessed on their ability to adhere to the chicken ileal epithelial cells (IEC) in vitro and in vivo as well. In the first stage of the experiments were reared 30 broiler chickens as the collecting source of the IEC preparation to the adhesion assay (in vitro) and 48 chickens were reared for sampling examination of SEM (in vivo). In the second stage, the 60 broiler chickens were assigned randomly into 4 treatment groups of LAB probiotics (mixed culture) orally supplementation consisted of (T0) one group of unsupplemented and three groups of supplemented chickens as much as 107 (T1), 108 (T2) and 109CFU/ml/bird/day (T3) respectively. All of treatment groups study the biological expression consisted of productivity performance such as feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and the intestinal histology structure such as villus height, villus width and crypt depth (μm) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The third stage used 90 chickens for studying the competitive exclusion of Salmonella pullorum by LAB probiotic strains. The broiler diet was formulated to meet the NRC recommendations and were provided ad libitum. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan New Multiple Range Test. The results of the experiment in Part 1 showed that LAB probiotic cells had a good ability to adhere to IEC as revealed by phase - contrast microscopy. The scanning electron micrographs showed a clear appearance of Lactobacillus murinus (Ar3), Streptococcus thermophilus (Kp2) and Pediococcus acidilactici (Kd6) attached firmly to the intestine of the supplemented broiler but there were none on the intestine of unsupplemented chicken. In Part 2, feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were affected significantly (P<0.05) by the supplementation of LAB probiotics. Feed conversion ratio were improved from 1.766 in unsupplemented group (T0) to 1.515 (T1), 1.496 (T2) and 1.457 (T3) respectively. Probiotics supplementation significantly increased villus height, villus width, crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum which indicated the improvement of the intestinal histology structure. The results of Part 3 showed that LAB probiotics inhibited the growth of Salmonella pullorum in broiler intestine. The number of LAB count (CFU/g) in the intestine of supplemented birds increased as much as 1.83 log cycle compared to that of the control. In general, this experiment can be concluded that the indigenous LAB probiotics fulfilled criterias of ideal broiler chicken probiotics. It had a good ability to adhere to the intestine of broiler chicken, improved productivity performance, and had a good property for protection against Salmonella pullorum.

Kata Kunci : Probiotik BAL, Aderensi, Ekspresi biologis, Eksklusi kompetitif, Ayam broiler