FLORA PENYUSUN VEGETASI HUTAN DESA DI WILAYAH KUASA PENAMBANGAN PT TIMAH Tbk SEBAGAI WUJUD KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN MENURUT KEARIFAN LOKAL (Studi Kasus di Desa Petaling Kecamatan Mendo Barat Kabupaten Bangka)

Ahmad Sukri Ahkap, S.Pd, Prof. Dr. S. Djalal Tandjung, M.Sc.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Indonesia, Bangka khususnya, krisis ekologi semakin parah dan sulit diatasi. Hal ini mendorong usaha konservasi terhadap sumberdaya alam hutan dan sungai melalui tata nilai kearifan lokal. Bangka merupakan timah yang menjadi pulau, masyarakat beralih profesi dari petani menjadi penambang timah. Masyarakat Desa Petaling tidak membuka lahan, hutan, perairan sungai dengan penambangan timah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis tumbuhan penyusun komposisi vegetasi hutan Desa Petaling, mengetahui spesies tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat desa dan manfaat masing-masing spesies, mengetahui jenis tumbuhan endemik langka yang dilestarikan oleh masyarakat desa setempat, mengetahui tata nilai kearifan lokal dalam upaya konservasi flora penyusun vegetasi hutan dan kearifan lokal yang masih dipegang teguh oleh masyarakat serta menemukan dan mengembangkan konsepsi baru tentang makna tata nilai kearifan lokal masyarakat desa. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Petaling yaitu estimasi jenis flora dan interview. Estimasi jenis flora dilakukan dengan plotting, koleksi dan dokumentasi, metode kuadrat plot, pengambilan sampel secara acak beraturan (ordinal sampling), ukuran plot pohon = 20x20 m; sapling = 10x10 m; seedling, semak dan herba = 1x1 m. Jumlah plot 15 plot, dimana setiap plot dibuat jarak interval 100 m. Semua jenis tumbuhan dalam plot dikoleksi, dibuat herbarium kering dan diidentifikasi. Parameter vegetasi meliputi Densitas, DR, Dominansi, DOR, Frekuensi, FR, Nilai Penting, Indeks Diversitas Shannon- Wiener. Interview menekankan penelaahan deskriptif induktif, metode kualitatif naturalistik (paradigma fenomenologi). Pengumpulan data interview dengan wawancara mendalam, bebas dan terbuka; observasi partisipatif dan pendekatan institusional. Analisis data dengan logika induktif secara deskriptif kualitatif kejadian empirik dari lapangan dan mengembangkan grounded theory bersifat open ended. Hutan Desa Petaling termasuk hutan sekunder. Dari hasil analisis data, diperoleh Indeks Diversitas Shannon-Wiener untuk pohon dan sapling yaitu H’= 3,75918 (melimpah tinggi), vegetasi lantai yaitu H’= 2,6081 (melimpah sedang), terdiri atas 86 jenis tumbuhan (33 familia, 51 genus dan 22 spesies), terbagi atas tujuh growthform yaitu: pohon 35 jenis, sapling 60 jenis, seedling 26 jenis, semak 7 jenis, herba 2 jenis, paku-pakuan 2 jenis dan liana 4 jenis. Keunikan nilai-nilai lokal dalam pemanfaatan hutan dan sungai terangkum dalam sistem tata nilai sosial budaya lokal meliputi mitos, pantangan, norma, petanda dan penanda, tradisi bercocok tanam dan tradisi ritual nganggung. Keberlanjutan keunikan nilai-nilai lokal merupakan jaminan keterjagaan hutan dan sungai di kawasan lelap Menduk Desa Petaling Kec. Mendo Barat Kab. Bangka.

West Indonesia, especially Bangka, experiences serious ecological crisis problems and difficult to solve. Its promote to create efforts to conserve natural resources of forest and rivers by using local wisdom systems. Bangka is rich in tin resources, majority of local people change their profession from farmers into tin miners. The traditional community of Petaling Village oppose to use the land, forest, rivers for mining tin. This study aimed to find kinds of flora composing the rural forest vegetation of Petaling Village, species of flora that were utilized by the local residents and the benefit from each of them, to find the kinds of endemic flora conserved by the local rural residents, to understand the local wisdom in conservation of forest vegetation and local wisdom that was still held firmly by the residents and to identify and develop a new conception on significance of the local wisdom systems of the rural residents. A research was conducted in Petaling Village by estimating kinds of flora and by doing interview. These kinds of flora were estimated by plotting, collecting and documenting, plot square method, ordinal sampling, tree plot size = 20x20 m; sapling = 10x10 m; seedling, shrubs and herbs = 1x1 m. The total number of plots were 15, in which of each plot was within interval of 100 m. All kinds of flora in the plots were collected and then were turned into dry herbarium, and, finally, identified. Vegetation parameters consisted of density, DR, dominance, DOR, Frequency, FR, Important Value, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index. Interview emphasized on descriptive-inductive study, qualitative-naturalistic method (phenomenological paradigm). Data were collected in-depth, independent, and open interviews; participative observation and institutional approach. Data were analyzed by using a descriptive-qualitative inductive logic method for empirical events in the field and improved the open ended-grounded theory. The rural forest of Petaling Village is a secondary forest. Results of data analysis generated Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index for trees and sapling H’ = 3.75918 (high abundant), floor vegetation H’ = 2.6081 (medium abundant), consisted of 86 kinds of flora (33 families, 51 genera and 22 species), divided into seven growthforms: 35 kinds of trees, 60 kinds of sapling, 26 kinds of seedlings, 7 kinds of shrubs, 2 kinds of herbs, 2 kinds of ferns sand 4 kinds of liana. The uniqueness of local values in utilizing forest and rivers are summarized in local social-cultural value systems consisting of myths, taboos, norms, signified and signifier, tradition to plant and nganggung tradition. The sustainability of this local value uniqueness is the insurance of forest and rivers conservation in Menduk wetland area, Petaling Village, Mendo, Bangka Regency.

Kata Kunci : Flora, kearifan lokal, sumberdaya alam, masyarakat tradisional.