Dampak Privatisasi Pengembangan Obyek Wisata Terhadap Partisipasi Sosial-Ekonomi Masyarakat Lokal: Studi Kasus Pantai Teleng Ria Kabupaten Pacitan

Fulia Aji Gustaman, Prof. Dr. Phil. Janianton Damanik, M.Si.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi minat Kebijakan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: menganalisis dampak privatisasi sektor pariwisata terhadap partisipasi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat lokal dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk degradasi atau peningkatan partisipasi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat lokal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer yang diperoleh dari masyarakat lokal yaitu para pedagang, nelayan, dan pengunjung Pantai Teleng Ria serta dari data sekunder yaitu dokumen pendukung. Informan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 26 informan yang diambil dengan teknik snowball. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan tiga cara yaitu wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu reduksi data, display data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dapat ditarik kesimpulan: (1) masyarakat Pantai Teleng Ria pernah dilibatkan dalam pengambilan kebijakan, akan tetapi kebanyakan masyarakat menolak privatisasi; (2) masyarakat tidak dilibatkan dalam pengelolaan objek wisata Pantai Teleng Ria; (3) para pedagang dan nelayan tidak begitu merasakan dampak privatisasi dalam mengakses pantai kerena jumlah pedagang dan nelayan didata terlebih dahulu sebelum diprivatisasi; (4) masyarakat sekitar dalam mengakses pantai tidak semudah dulu karena harus membayar biaya masuk yang dirasa mahal; (5) adanya paguyuban untuk menjembatani kepentingan masyarakat dan investor; (6) masyarakat lokal yang melakukan aktivitas perekonomian di Pantai Teleng Ria mengalami penurunan terutama pada pedagang makanan dan minuman serta pedagang keliling; (7) masyarakat enggan ke Pantai Teleng Ria karena harus membayar tiket masuk yang dirasa mahal; (8) pendapatan para pedagang menurun karena sepinya pengunjung; (9) pungutan-pungutan kepada pedagang yang dilakukan oleh investor dianggap sangat memberatkan bagi pedagang; (10) investor memberikan keleluasaan kesempatan kerja bagi masyarakat lokal dengan menjadi karyawan di PT. El John; (11) pelatihan kewirausahaan dan peningkatan wawasan belum pernah diberikan oleh pihak investor. Adapun alasan menurunya partisipasi masyarakat lokal dalam industri pariwisata pascaprivatisasi yaitu: (1) privatisasi menimbulkan keterbatasan ruang publik bagi masyarakat untuk mengakses dan memanfaatkan pantai; (2) menurunnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam dukungan dan perencanaan pengembangan pantai karena objek wisata sudah dikelola oleh swasta; (3)keterlibatan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pantai terbatasi karena fungsi kontrol dan manajerial objek wisata sudah dipegang investor secara penuh; (4) keinginan masyarakat untuk terlibat dan mengubah keputusan terkait pengelolaan objek wisata mengalami penurunan karena adanya perjanjian MoU antara pemerintah dan investor yang mengikat; (5) tiket yang dijual investor dianggap terlalu mahal sehingga masyarakat merasa enggan untuk mengakses objek wisata Pantai Teleng Ria; (6) adanya pungutan yang dilakukan oleh investor dirasa sangat memberatkan para pedagang sehingga banyak pedagang yang tidak berjualan lagi di dalam lokasi objek wisata.

This study was aimed at: analyzing the impact of privatization towards tourism sector in relation to socio-economic participation of local communities and analyzing degradation or improvement forms of socio-economic participation of local society. The research method used was qualitative method. The data used were: primary data obtained from the local society i.e. the sellers, fishermen and visitors of Pantai Teleng Ria as well as secondary data in the form of supporting documents. Information in this study was taken from 26 informants using the technique of snowball. Data collection of this study encompassed three approaches; interview, observation, and documentation. Techniques of data analysis used were data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. From the research outcomes and discussion taken, it can be concluded that: (1) the society of Pantai Teleng Ria was involved in policy making, yet most society members rejected the privatization; (2) the society is not included in the management of Pantai Teleng Ria tourism object; (3) sellers and fishermen feel very little of the privatization impact towards their accessing the beach since the number of sellers and fishermen existed was counted prior to privatization; (4) the surrounding community cannot be as easy as it used to in accessing the beach since they are obliged to pay quite expensive entrance fee; (5) a paguyuban (association) exists in order to bridge the conflict of interest between the public and the investor; (6) the number of economic activities carried out by local society at Pantai Teleng Ria decreases, especially the food and beverage sellers and mobile vendors; (7) the public is reluctant to visit Pantai Teleng Ria since they are obliged to pay quite expensive entrance ticket; (8) the sellers’ profits decrease due to lack of visitors; (9) the sellers are burdened by levies obligated by the investor; (10) the investor gives lavish working opportunities for local people to join with PT. El John as employees; (11) entrepreneurship training and knowledge improvement has never been given by the investor. The explanation for the decreasing participation of the local community in tourism industry following the privatization are: (1) privatization creates limitation of public space towards the society in accessing and exploiting the beach; (2) the decreasing participation of the society in supporting and preparing the beach development is due to the fact that the beach management is now in the hand of private sector; (3 ) the involvement of the society in the management of the beach is very limited since the control and management of the tourism object are entirely handled by the investor; (4) public interest in getting involved and changing the policy regarding the management of the tourism object decreases due to the presence of a binding MoU between the government and investor; (5) the price of tickets sold by the investor is considered too high that people are reluctant to visit Pantai Teleng Ria, (6) levies obliged by the investor are highly burdening the sellers that many of them are no longer doing their economic activities within the tourism object domain.

Kata Kunci : privatisasi, pariwisata, partisipasi