DETEKSI DAN FAKTOR RESIKO KEJADIAN AVIAN INFLUENZA PADA PETERNAKAN AYAM KOMERSIAL DI KABUPATEN MAROS

FAIZAL ZAKARIYA, drh. Heru Susetya, MP., Ph.D.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Sain Veteriner

Peternakan ayam komersial berpotensi sebagai salah satu sumber penularan penyakit Avian influenza (AI). Peternakan ayam komersial di Kabupaten Maros telah menerapkan biosekuriti untuk pencegahan dan pengendalian AI. Berdasarkan diagnosis Balai Besar Veteriner (BBV) Maros, kejadian AI di Maros mulai menurun dalam lima tahun terakhir, serta tahun 2010 tidak dilaporkan kasus AI. Namun, secara geografis kabupaten Maros berbatasan langsung dengan daerah yang terinfeksi AI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk deteksi penyakit AI pada tingkat peternakan ayam komersial di Maros dan untuk mengetahui asosiasi penyakit AI yang ditemukan terhadap faktor resiko biosekuriti dan pengetahuan peternak. Sampling rambang sederhana digunakan untuk memilih 142 peternakan ayam komersial dalam deteksi penyakit AI. Keberadaan AI didapatkan dari kumpulan swab oropharingeal/trachea yang diambil purposif dengan pooling tiap 5 ekor ayam yang seumur dan sekandang dalam peternakan. Sampel swab diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dengan uji HA/HI terhadap subtipe H5 di laboratorium virologi BBV Maros. Suatu peternakan dinyatakan positif AI bila hasil uji isolasi identifikasi AI subtipe H5 positif. Penelitian ini membuktikan penyakit AI masih terdapat di peternakan ayam komersial Maros. Secara bivariat faktor resiko biosekuriti yang mempengaruhi penyakit AI adalah pengalaman peternak, kecamatan Camba, Malawa, pemeliharaan ayam pedaging dan petelur di satu area, pekerja/pemilik yang juga bekerja di peternakan unggas lainnya/pengepul/pedagang unggas, lalu lintas orang dari kandang sakit ke kandang sehat, saling meminjam/menggunakan bersama sama peralatan/pakan/air minum antar peternakan, peternakan tanpa pembersihan dan desinfeksi tempat tangki air, peternakan tanpa klorinasi air minum, alas kandang tanpa penyimpanan tempat tertutup, masa kosong kandang < 15 hari, peternakan tanpa pemeriksaan tenaga kesehatan hewan, peternakan dengan vaksinasi jika terjadi kematian/ayam sakit. Analisis multivariabel unweigthed logistic regression menunjukkan faktor yang berasosiasi secara bermakna adalah saling meminjam peralatan/pakan/air minum antar peternakan (OR=385,99) dan lalu lintas orang dari kandang sakit ke kandang sehat (OR=771,98). Peternakan ayam komersial perlu untuk melakukan penilaian, monitoring dan evaluasi faktor resiko biosekuriti di peternakan mereka dan pemerintah daerah perlu meningkatkan pengawasan lalu lintas unggas, produk dan limbahnya serta sosialisasi biosekuriti di tingkat peternakan ayam komersial.

Chicken commercial farm(s) could be a part of the potential source of Avian influenza (AI) infection. Chicken commercial farm(s) in Maros district have instituted biosecurity system to prevent and control of AI. Based on the diagnosis records of Disease Investigation Centre (DIC) Maros, incidence of AI in Maros during the last five years have decreased. Even in 2010, there was no AI case found. Maros is located geographically adjacent to AI infected area and, therefore, is prone to the infection. The objectives of this study were to detect AI in chicken commercial farms in Maros and to measure the association between AI and risk factors of biosecurity and farmer’s knowledge. Simple random sampling method was used to choose 142 out of chicken commercial farms in Maros district. Swab specimens were taken from purposively sampled chicken from the farm. Pooling of 5 chickens oropharingeal/tracheal’s swabs at the same age and cages of each farms were taken to detect the presence of AI virus by means of virus isolation and HA/HI test in DIC Maros. A farm defined as infected if it showed positive result from virus isolation and HA/ HI test. The results showed that some of chicken commercial farms in Maros infected by AI virus. Bivariate analysis showed that risk factors of biosecurity and farmer knowledge which associated with AI evidence were the experience of farmer, sub district Camba and Malawa, mixed raising system, the existence of farmer or farmer worker who also work at another farm/wholesaler/trading poultry market, people traffic from infected to healthy cages, mutual use other farm’s tool and feed, absence of water tank disinfection, absence of water chlorination, no closed litter storage, rest period less than 15 days, no inspection program from animal health officer, and vaccination only in case of the death of chicken. Multivariate unweigthed logistic regression analysis showed that f mutual use other farm’s tool and feed (OR=385,99) and people traffic from infected to healthy cages (OR=771,98) were significantly associated with AI infection. The findings suggest the necessities of chicken commercial farmers to do risk assessment, risk monitoring, risk communication and evaluation of biosecurity system. Improvement of Maros district animal health services on poultry and enforcement of biosecurity are needed.

Kata Kunci : avian influenza, peternakan ayam komersial, biosekuriti, Maros.