KAJIAN STRUKTUR, FORMULA, DAN FUNGSI TERHADAP KADA (SASTRA LISAN MORONENE)

AZRAMAL, S. Pd, Dr. Pujiharto, M.Hum

2011 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Sastra lisan kada adalah salah satu jenis tradisi lisan yang ada dalam suku Moronene dan sudah mulai ditinggalkan oleh masyarakat pendukungnya. Kada merupakan epos kepahlawanan yang dibawakan oleh seorang pekada (pencerita kada) dan didendangkan pada malam hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan dan memperkenalkan salah satu jenis sastra lisan dalam konteks budaya suku Moronene ditinjau dari teksnya, pertunjukannya, dan fungsinya dalam kehidupan suku Moronene. Objek material penelitian ini adalah sastra lisan kada yang diperoleh melalui perekaman dan data pendukung diperoleh dan dikumpulkan dari proses wawancara. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas yakni struktur tekstual teks kada, aspek kelisanan dalam teks kada, dan fungsi yang terdapat dalam teks kada. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan perekaman dan wawancara. Data dibedah dengan memanfaatkan konsep struktur, pendekatan formula, sosiologi sastra, performance, transmisi, dan konsep fungsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kada terkait erat dengan sejarah keberadaan suku Moronene di Kabupaten Bombana. Komposisi teks kada terdiri atas judul, jalan cerita, dan beberapa episode. Teks kada terdiri atas 6 episode, 1171 larik, dan jumlah suku kata tiap baris bervariasi antara 5 sampai 10, tetapi yang dominan adalah 5, 6, dan 7 suku kata. Persajakan dan gaya bahasa dalam kada dimanfaatkan oleh pencerita sebagai teknik dalam merangkai cerita dan larik-larik secara cepat serta untuk kepentingan irama dan keharmonisan bunyi. Tema mayor kada menceritakan mengenai kepergian raja Moronene dan adiknya untuk melamar ke wilayah Tolaki. Kedatangan mereka tidak disambut baik sehingga terjadi pertempuran antara raja Moronene yang bergelar Tongki Puu Wonua/Tamano Moronene dan raja Tolaki yang bergelar Bilangiano Kila/Lintuano Berese. Raja Tolaki berhasil dikalahkan dan adik perempuan raja Tolaki dibawa ke wilayah Moronene. Formula dalam teks kada yakni formula satu baris, gabungan berbentuk kata, formula satu kata, pergerakan cerita, formula untuk tokoh, peristiwa, cakapan/tuturan, dan formula dengan pola kalimat yang paralel. Komposisi skematik yang digunakan oleh pencerita yakni penyebutan gelar tokoh, pergerakan peristiwa, dan pergantian waktu dalam cerita. Pertunjukannya tanpa menggunakan alat musik tetapi hanya mengandalkan suara dan kegiatan nonverbal seperti gerak anggota badan serta terkandung unsur sakralitas dalam proses penyampaiannya, sedangkan proses transmisinya diperoleh melalui orang tua. Fungsi cerita kada dalam konteks budaya suku Moronene yakni berfungsi historis, heroik, pengesahan pranata kebudayaan dan berfungsi politik. Sastra lisan kada perlu direvitalisasi karena di dalamnya terdapat nilai-nilai, adat istiadat, dan sejarah serta dapat menumbuhkan jiwa patriotisme bagi masyarakatnya.

Kada oral literature is one kind of the oral tradition that is as far as existed in the Morronene tribe and it begins to be lived out by its adherents. Kada was a heroic epos that was usually narrated by a pekada (narrator of kada) and it sung on the night. The research aimed at to express and introduce one type of oral literature in the context of Moronene’s culture as viewed from its text, performance art, and also its function in the life of Moronene tribe. The object matter of research was kada oral literature that is attained by recording and as well as the supporting data was gained and compiled by which a process of interview. The problem that will be studied was the textual of structure of kada, the aspects of verbal within the text of kada, and the function within the text of kada. Method that is used in the research would be qualitative method. The data compilation was done by recording and interview. Then, the data itself was explained by using the concept of structure, formula approach, sociology of literature, transmission, and concept of function as well. The result of research shows that kada has strong relation with the history of Moronene tribe in Bombana district. The composition of kada text consisted of theme, the way of story, and certain episode. The text of kada consist of 6 episodes, 1171 arrays, and the number of syllables varieties between 5 until 10, however the dominant one was 5, 6, 7 syllables. Poetry and style of language of kada be used by narrator as such technical in stringing up the story and arrays quickly, as well as for necessarily rhythm and harmony of sound. The major theme of kada tells on the departure of king of Moronene together with his brother for applying a woman to Tolaki area. Their arrival with the aim to apply a woman was initially not welcome so that it result a battle between the King of Moronene as titled Tongki Puu Wonua/Tamano Moronene and the King of Tolaki as titled Bilangiano Kila/Lintuano Berese. The king of Tolaki was defeated and his sister was bringing out to Moronene kingdom. The formula within kada text was formula of 1 line, word formed combination, story movement, formula for the figure, event, discourse, and formula with type of sentence parallelism. The schematic composition that was used by narrator namely mentioning the event, turnover time in the story. its performances without using music, but only rely the sound and nonverbal activity such as moving of limb and it contained the elements of sacred in the process of narrating, while the process of its transmission attained by the oldste. The kada story, in the context of Moronene culture, was functioned as historic, endorsement of culture institution and also functioned as politic. The kada oral literature is necessary to be revitalized because it has values, customary laws, history, and as well as it can be a medium for growing and establishing the spirit of heroism for Bombana society.

Kata Kunci : sastra lisan, kada, Moronene, formula